Analysis of copper-alloy fitments on a Roman gladius from the river Ljubljanica

Abstract

The method of proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis was applied for studies of the metal composition of copper-based alloys on the scabbard of a Roman gladius, discovered in the river Ljubljanica. The scabbard fitments were made of brass, except for small parts of the U-shaped lining made of bronze. The fitting components were bound by riveting and soldering using a tin-lead alloy. The analysis testifies to the use of brass in the early Augustan era. The reliability of the PIXE results is discussed.