Women from the Middle La Tène culture cemetery Zvonimirovo-Veliko polje who made the spinning threads and clothes
Keywords:
Croatia, Zvonimirovo, La Tène culture, cemetery, women, textiles, clothes, costume, identities, householdsAbstract
The Zvonimirovo-Veliko polje cemetery, located in the Middle Drava valley, close to Virovitica, is the only systematically researched cemetery of the La Tène culture in northern Croatia. On the basis of its finds, it can be dated to LT C2 phase. Aside from the warrior’s graves, there are notable female burials with distinctive costume and jewellery and food offerings. The article deals with the female graves LT 90 and LT 91 contained particular everyday objects such as iron knives, ceramic spindle-whorls and iron sewing needles. These items indicate everyday household work done by women. An exceptional find in the grave LT 91 is an iron pin with a zoomorphic head. Similar pin was found in the Kapiteljska njiva cemetery at Novo mesto, also in a female grave dated to LT C1. Iron and bronze pins with a curved head and smooth or twisted body are known from the Late La Tène settlements in Central and Eastern Europe. Similar pins appeared toward the end of the 2nd century BC in the cemeteries along the Baltic Sea. They are also known from the Roman period contexts, mostly from settlements and rarely from female graves, and only exceptionally in male graves. The pin from the grave LT 91 in Zvonimirovo, together with a spindle whorl, could be associated with spinning as a spindle-hook. The finds associated with the production of spinning threads and clothes in the female graves in Zvonimirovo are characteristic of a certain gender and age. At the symbolic level they show the roles of women in the family and the community.Downloads
References
ANDERSSON STRAND et al. 2010 = ANDERSSON STRAND, E., K. M. FREI, M. GLEBA, U. MANNERING, M.-L. NOSCH, I. SKALS 2010, Old Textiles – New Possibilities. – European Journal of Archaeology 13/2, 149–173.
BEAUDRY, M. C. 2006, Findings. The Material Culture of Needlework and Sewing. – New Haven, London.
BELANOVÁ-ŠTOLCOVÁ, T. 2012, Slovak and Czech Republic. – In / V: M. Gleba, U. Mannering (eds. / ur.), Textiles and Textile Production in Europe from Prehistory to AD 400, Ancient Textiles Series 11, 306–331.
BELANOVÁ-ŠTOLCOVÁ, T., K. GRÖMER 2010, Loom- -weights, Spindles and Textiles – Textile Production in Central Europe from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. – In / V: E. B. Andersson Strand, M. Gleba, U. Mannering, C. Munkholt, M. Ringgard (eds. / ur.), North European Symposium for Archaeological X, Ancient Textiles Series 5, 9–20.
BENADÍK, B. 1983, Mana, Keltisches Gräberfeld. Fundkatalog. – Materialia Archaeologica Slovaca 5.
BENADÍK, B., E. VLČEK, C. AMBROS 1957, Keltské pohrebiská na juhozápadnom Slovensku. – Fontes Archaeologiae Slovakiae 1.
BENDER JØRGENSEN, L. 2012, Spinning faith. – In / V: M. L. Stig Sørensen, K. Rebay Salisbury (eds. / ur.), Embodied Knowledge. Perspectives on Belief and Technology, 128–136, Oxford.
BENDER JØRGENSEN, L., K. GRÖMER 2013, The Archaeology of Textiles – Recent advances and new methods. – Portal, Godišnjak Hrvatskog restauratorskog zavoda 3/2012, 91–111.
BIEGER, A. 2002, Kugelfibeln – Fibeln mit Kugeln – Fibeln mit Kugelzier? Klassifizierung von Kugelfibeln der mittleren Latènezeit- bzw. Jüngeren vorrömischen Eisenzeit. – Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica 34, 55–58.
BIEGER, A. 2003, Kugelfibeln, Eine typologisch-chronologische Untersuchung zu den Varianten F, N und O von Beltz. – Universitätsforschungen zur Prähistorischen Archäologie 98.
BOŽIČ, D. 1981, Relativna kronologija mlajše železne dobi v jugoslovanskem Podonavju / Relative Chronologie der jüngeren Eisenzeit im jugoslawischen Donauraum. – Arheološki vestnik 32, 315–336.
BOŽIČ, D. 1987, Keltska kultura u Jugoslaviji. Zapadna grupa. – In / V: A. Benac (ed. / ur.), Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja 5. Željezno doba, 855–897, Sarajevo.
BOŽIČ, D. 1999, Die Erforschung der Latènezeit in Slowenien seit Jahre 1964 / Raziskovanje latenske dobe na Slovenskem po letu 1964. – Arheološki vestnik 50, 189–213.
BUJNA, J. 1995, Malé Kosihy, Latènezeitliches Gräberfeld. – Archaeologia Slovaca Monnographiae 7.
BUJNA, J. 2005, Kruhový šperk z laténskych ženských hrobov na Slovensku. – Nitra.
BUJNA, J. 2011, Opasky ženského odevu z doby laténskej. – Nitra.
COSTIN, C. L. 2013, Gender and Textile Production in Prehistory. – In / V: D. Bolger (ed. / ur.), A Companion to Gender Prehistory, 180–202, Oxford.
ČIŽMÁŘ, M. 2010, Zwei Typen spätlatènezeitlicher Gegenstände aus Mähren. – Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 40/3, 383–388.
DAUTOVA-RUŠEVLJAN, V., O. BRUKNER 1992, Kulturni sloj. – In / V: Gomolava. Rimski period, Gomolava 3, 81–166, Novi Sad.
DEIMEL, M. 1987, Die Bronzekleinfunde vom Magdalensberg. – Kärnter Museumsschriften 71, Archäologische Forschungen zu den Grabungen auf dem Magdalensberg 9.
DÍAZ-ANDREU, M. 2005, Gender identity. – In / V: M. Díaz-Andreu, S. Lucy, S. Babic, D. Edwards (eds. / ur.), The Archaeology of Identity. Approaches to Gender, Age, Status, Ethnicity and Religion, 13–42, London.
DIZDAR, M. 2006, Nalazi staklenih narukvica latenske kulture u Podravini. – Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu 23, 67–128.
DIZDAR, M. 2009, Rezultati istraživanja groblja latenske kulture Zvonimirovo-Veliko polje u 2008. godini. – Annales Instituti Archaeologici 5, 51–53.
DIZDAR, M, 2010, Željezni pojasi tipa Zvonimirovo LT 6 kao dio ženske srednjolatenske nošnje u zapadnoj Panoniji i na jugoistočnoalpskom prostoru / Iron belts of the Zvonimirovo LT 6 type as the part of female middle La Tène wear in the Western Pannonia and the South-eastern Alpine area. – Vjesnik Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu 3. ser. sv. 42 (2009), 271–304.
DIZDAR, M. 2012, Rezultati istraživanja groblja latenske kulture Zvonimirovo – Veliko polje u 2011. godini. – Annales Instituti Archaeologici 8, 46–51.
DIZDAR, M. 2013a, Zvonimirovo – Veliko polje, Groblje latenske kulture / A Cemetery of the La Tène Culture 1. – Monographiae Instituti Archaeologici 8.
DIZDAR, M. 2013b, Kasnolatensko naselje Skordiska na Štrbincima kod Đakova. – Arheološki radovi i rasprave 17, 123–164.
DIZDAR, M. 2014, Bronze Fibulae with Enamel Inlay from Scordiscan Sites. – In / V: S. Berecki (ed. / ur.), Iron Age Crafts and Craftsmen in the Carpathian Basin. Proceedings of the International Colloquium from Târgu Mureş, 10–13 October 2013, Bibliotheca Mvsei Marisiensis, Seria Archaeologica 7, 97–114, Târgu Mureş.
DIZDAR, M. 2015, Rezultati istraživanja groblja latenske kulture Zvonimirovo – Veliko polje u 2014. godini. – Annales Instituti Archaeologici 11, 43–45.
DIZDAR, M. 2016a, Middle La Tène Female Iron Belts in the South-Eastern Part of the Carpathian Basin – is it Something Local and/or Global?. – In / V: S. Berecki (ed. / ur.), Iron Age Chronology in the Carpathian Basin. Proceedings of the International Colloquium from Târgu Mureş, 8–10 October 2015, Bibliotheca Mvsei Marisiensis, Seria Archaeologica 12, 75–96, Cluj-Napoca.
DIZDAR, M. 2016b, Late Iron Age Funerary Practice in Southern Pannonia. – In / V: V. Sîrbu, M. Jevtić, K. Dmitrović, M. Ljuština (eds. / ur.), Funerary Practices during the Bronze and Iron Ages in Central and Southeast Europe. Proceedings of the 14th International Colloquium of Funerary Archaeology in Čačak, Serbia, 24th–27th September 2015, International Union for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences (UISPP) – 30th Commission: Prehistoric and Protohistoric Mortuary Practices Association for Studies of Funerary Archaeology (ASFA) – Romania – University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy – National musem Čačak, 293–312, Beograd, Čačak. DIZDAR, M. 2016c, Late La Tène Settlements in the Vinkovci Region (Eastern Slavonia, Croatia): Centres of Trade and Exchange. – In / V: M. Karwowski, P. C. Ramsl (eds. / ur.), Boii – Taurisci. Proceedings of the International Seminar, Oberleis-Klement, June 14th−15th 2012, Mitteilungen der Prähistorischen Kommission 85, 31–48.
DIZDAR, M. 2016d, Rezultati istraživanja groblja latenske kulture Zvonimirovo – Veliko polje u 2015. godini. – Annales Instituti Archaeologici 12, 82–85.
ENDERT, D. 1991, Die Bronzefunde aus dem Oppidum von Manching. – Ausgrabungen in Manching 13, Stuttgart.
FAHLANDER, F., T. OESTIGAARD 2008, The Materiality of Death: Bodies, Burials, Beliefs. – In / V: F. Fahlander, T. Oestigaard (eds. / ur.), The Materiality of Death. Bodies, burials, beliefs, BAR. International Series 1768, 1–16.
GABROVEC, S. 1966, Srednjelatensko obdobje v Sloveniji (Zur Mittellatènezeit in Slowenien). – Arheološki vestnik 17, 169–211.
GLEBA, M. 2009, Textile tools and specialisation in Early Iron Age female burials. – In / V: E. Herring, K. Lomas (eds. / ur.), Gender Identities in Italy in the First Millennium BC, BAR. International Series 1983, 69–78.
GLEBA, M. 2013, Transformation in Textile Production and Exchange in pre-Roman Italy. – In / V: M. Gleba, J. Pasztókai-Szeöke (eds. / ur.), Making Textiles in Pre- -Roman and Roman Times – People, Places, Identities, Ancient Textiles Series 13, 1–18.
GLEIRSCHER, P. 2009, Gräber keltischer Schwertkrieger vom Fuβe der Gracarca (Kärnten). – In / V: G. Tiefengraber, B. Kavur, A. Gaspari (eds. / ur.), Keltske študije 2, Studies in Celtic Archaeology. Papers in honour of Mitja Guštin, Protohistoire Européenne 11, 143–162.
GOSTENČNIK, K. 2000, Römische Spindelhaken vom Magdalensberg in Kärnten. –Archaeological Textiles Newsletter 31, 9–11.
GOSTENČNIK, K. 2001, Die Spindelhaken aus Kupferlegierung vom Magdalensberg und aus Virunum in Kärnten. – Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 31/4, 571–579.
GOSTENČNIK, K. 2003, Some aditional Remarks concerning the Magdalensberg Spindle-hooks with Twisted Shanks. – Archaeological Textiles Newsletter 36, 9–12.
GOSTENČNIK, K. 2009, Die Stadt auf dem Magdalensberg, ein Zentrum der Textilwirtschaft im frührömischen Noricum. – Carinthia I 199, 23–59.
GOSTENČNIK, K. 2010, The Magdalensberg Textile Tools: a Preliminary Assessment. – In / V: E. B. Andersson Strand, M. Gleba, U. Mannering, C. Munkholt, M. Ringgard (eds. / ur.), North European Symposium for Archaeological Textiles 10, Ancient Textiles Series 5, 73–90.
GOSTENČNIK, K. 2011, Aus den Augen – aus dem Sinn? Hölzerne Textilgeräte und ihre Nachweisbarkeit am Beispiel Noricum. – In / V: P. Scherrer (ed. / ur.), Lignum. Holz in der Antike. Akten des öffentlichen interdisziplinären Symposiums Universität Graz, 5.–7. November 2009, Keryx 1, 207–240, Graz.
GOSTENČNIK, K. 2012, Austria: Roman Period. – In / V: M. Gleba, U. Mannering (eds. / ur.), Textiles and Textile Production in Europe from Prehistory to AD 400, Ancient Textiles Series 11, 65–88.
GOSTENČNIK, K. 2013, Textile Production and Trade in Roman Noricum. – In / V: M. Gleba, J. PasztókaiSzeöke (eds. / ur.), Making Textiles in Pre-Roman and Roman Times – People, Places, Identities, Ancient Textiles Series 13, 60–86.
GOSTENČNIK, K. 2014a, Textilproduktion in der Austria Romana. – In / V: K. Grömer, Römische Textilien in Noricum und Westpannonien im Kontext archäologischer Gewebefunde 2000 v. Chr. bis 500 n. Chr. in Österreich, Austria Antiqua 5, 57–109, Graz.
GOSTENČNIK, K. 2014b, Textilproduktion im römischen Österreich. – Instrumentum 40, 34–36.
GRÖMER, K. 2004, Aussagemöglichkeiten zur Tatigkeit des Spinnes aufgrund archäologischer Funde und Experimente. – Archaeologia Austriaca 88, 169–182.
GRÖMER, K. 2005, Efficency and technique – Experiments with original spindle whorls. – In / V: P. Bichler, K. Grömer, R. Hofmann-de Keijzer, A. Kern, H. Reschreiter (eds. / ur.), “Hallstatt Textiles” – Technical Analysis, Scientific Investigation and Experiment on Iron Age Textiles, BAR. International Series 1351, 107–116.
GRÖMER, K. 2010, Cloth Qualities from 800 BC-AD 800 in Austria: Context – Development – Handcraft. – Archaeological Textiles Newsletter 51, 14–22.
GRÖMER, K. 2012, Austria: Bronze and Iron Ages. – In / V: M. Gleba, U. Mannering (eds. / ur.), Textiles and Textile Production in Europe from Prehistory to AD 400, Ancient Textiles Series 11, 27–64.
GRÖMER, K. 2013, Discovering the People behind the Textiles: Iron Age Textile Producers and their Products in Austria. – In / V: M. Gleba, J. Pasztókai-Szeöke (eds. / ur.), Making Textiles in Pre-Roman and Roman Times – People, Places, Identities, Ancient Textiles Series 13, 30–59.
GRÖMER, K. 2014, Textile Materials and Techniques in Central Europe in the 2nd and 1st Millennia BC. – In / V: New Directions: Examining the Past, Creating the Future, 14th Biennial Symposium. Textile Society of America. Los Angeles, California, September 10–14 2014, Paper 914, Los Angeles.
GRÖMER, K. 2015, Textile Research in Austria – an Overview. – In / V: K. Grömer, F. Pritchard (eds. / ur.), Aspects of the Design, Production and Use of Textiles and Clothing from the Bronze Age to the Early Modern Era. The North European Symposium of Archaeological Textiles XII, 21st–24th May 2014 in Hallstatt, Austria, Archaeolingua 33, 13–24.
GRÖMER, K. 2016, The Art of Prehistoric Textile Making – The development of craft traditions and clothing in Central Europe. – Veröffentlichungen der Prähistorischen Abteilung 5.
GRÖMER, K. 2017, Recycling of Textiles in Historic Contexts in Europe. Case Studies from 1500 BC til 1500 AD. – In / V: I. Miloglav, A. Kudelić, J. Balen (eds. / ur.), Recikliraj, ideje iz prošlosti, 75–98, Zagreb.
GRÖMER, K., E. HÖLBLING-STEIGBERGER 2011, Cloth and Clothing from Cemeteries in Noricum. – In / V: D. Mladenović, B. Russel (eds. / ur.), TRAC 2010. Proceedings of the Twentieh Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Oxford, 25–28 March 2010, 102–114, Oxford. GUŠTIN, M. 1977, Relativna kronologija grobova mokronoške grupe (Relative chronology of the graves of the “Mokronog group”). – In / V: M. Guštin (ed. / ur.), Keltske študije, Posavski muzej Brežice 4, 67–103.
GUŠTIN, M. 1984, Die Kelten in Jugoslawien. Übersicht über das archäologische Fundgut. – Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums 31, 305–363.
GUŠTIN, M. 2003, Prilog poznavanju ženske nošnje kod Tauriska, Uz djevojački pokop iz groba Lt 12 u Zvonimirovu kod Suhopolja. – Opuscula archaeologica 27, 321–330.
HELLEBRANDT, M. B. 1992, Miskloc Kelta Kora, Régészeti Tanulmányok Miskloc Korai Történetéből. – Miskloc Város Történetének Dokumentumai 2, 33–74, Miskolc.
HELLEBRANDT, M. B. 1999, Celtic Finds from Northern Hungary. Corpus of Celtic Finds in Hungary 3. – Budapest.
HORVÁTH, L. 1987, The Surroundings of Keszthely. – In / V: Corpus of Celtic Finds in Hungary 1, Transdanubia 1, 63–178, Budapest.
JACOBI, G. 1974, Werkzeug und Gerät aus dem Oppidum von Manching. – Ausgrabungen in Manching 5, Wiesbaden.
JOVANOVIĆ, A. 2007, Kelti ob sotočju Save in Krke. – Brežice.
JOVANOVIĆ, A. 2011, Middle La Tène female grave 56 from Brežice, Slovenia. – In / V: M. Guštin, M. Jevtić (eds. / ur.), The Eastern Celts, The Communities between the Alps and the Black Sea, 51–64, Koper, Beograd.
JOVANOVIĆ, M. 2009, Gomolava – Zanatski centar Skordiska. – Rad Vojvođanskih muzeja 51, 117–135.
KANIA, K. 2010, Experiment and knowledge base: bringing historical textile workers together. – EuroREA 7, 15–18.
KANIA, K. 2014, Die Arbeit der Frau? Betrachtungen zum historischen Textilhandwerk. – Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien 144, 149–164.
KANIA, K. 2015, Soft yarns, hard facts? Evaluating the results of a large-scale hand spinning experiment. – Archaeological and Anthropological Science 7/1, 113–130.
KERN, A. 1987, Die urgeschichtlichen Funde vom Oberleiserberg, MG. Ernstbrunn. Die unstratifizierten Bestände aus Privatsammlungen, Bundes-, Landes- und Heimatmuseen. – Dissertation, Universität Wien (unpublished ).
KNEZ, T. 1992, Novo Mesto 2, Keltsko-rimsko grobišče Beletov vrt (Keltisch-römisches Gräberfeld Beletov vrt). – Carniola Archaelogica 2.
KRIŽ, B. 1999, Epingle en fer à tête de cheval de Novo mesto (Slovénie). – Instrumentum 9, 16.
KRIŽ, B. 2001, Kelti v Novem mestu. Katalog razstave (The Celts in Novo mesto. Exhibition Catalogue). – Novo mesto.
KRIŽ, B. 2005, Novo mesto 6, Mlajšeželeznodobno grobišče Kapiteljska njiva / Late Iron Age Cemetery Kapiteljska njiva. – Carniola Archaeologica 6.
KURZYNSKI, K. 1996, „...und ihre Hosen nennen sie Bracas“. Textilfunde und Textiltechnologie der Hallstatt- und Latènezeit und ihr Kontext. – Internationale Archäologie 22.
LARSSON LOVÉN, L. 1998, Lanam fecit – Woolworking and female virtue. – In / V: L. Larsson Lovén, A. Strömberg (eds. / ur.), Aspects of Women in Antiquity. Proceedings of the First Nordic Symposium on Women’s Lives in Antiquity, Göteborg, June 12–15 1997, Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology and Literature, Pocketbook 153, 85–95.
LARSSON LOVÉN, L. 2013, Female Work and Identity in Roman Textile Production and Trade: A Methodological Discussion. – In / V: M. Gleba, J. Pasztókai-Szeöke (eds. / ur.), Making Textiles in Pre-Roman and Roman Times – People, Places, Identities, Ancient Textiles Series 13, 109–125.
LIPKIN, S. 2013, Textile Making in Central Tyrrhenian Italy – Questions Related to Age, Rank and Status. – In / V: M. Gleba, J. Pasztókai-Szeöke (eds. / ur.), Making Textiles in Pre-Roman and Roman Times – People, Places, Identities, Ancient Textiles Series 13.
MADARASSY, O., I. OKA, A. SZU 2002, Kelta asszonyok – római hölgyek, Celtic Woman – Roman Ladies. –Budapest.
MAJNARIĆ-PANDŽIĆ, N. 2001, Grob ratnika Lt 12 iz srednjolatenskoga groblja u Zvonimirovu kod Suhopolja u Virovitičko-podravskoj županiji (Warrior’s grave Lt 12 from Middle La Tène II grave site in Zvonimirovo near Suhopolje in the County of Virovitica-Podravina). – Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu 18, 83–101.
MAJNARIĆ-PANDŽIĆ, N. 2007, Brončano prstenje iz latenskog groblja na Ciglani u Donjem gradu u Osijeku / Bronze Fingerrings from the La Tène Cemetery at Ciglana in the Lower Town in Osijek. – Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu 24, 113–120.
MEDUNA, J. 1980, Die latènezeitlichen Siedlungen in Mähren. – Fontes Archaelogicae Moravicae 11.
MISKE, K. 1908, Die prähistorische Ansiedelung Velem St. Vid 1. Beschreibung der Raubbaufunde. – Wien.
MÜLLAUER, N., P. C. RAMSL 2007, Herstellungstechnische Untersuchungen an Hohlblechreifen aus dem latènezeitlichen Gräberfeld von Mannersdorf am Leithagebirge, Niederösterreich. – Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 37/1, 67–84.
NÉMETI, I. 1982, Das späthalstattzeitliche Gräberfeld von Sanislău. – Dacia 26, 115–144.
PÁSZTÓKAI-SZEÖKE, J. 2011, “The Mothers Shrinks, the Child Grows. What is it?” The Evidence of Spinning Implements in Funerary Context from the Roman Province of Pannonia. – In / V: C. Alfaro Giner, M. J. Martínez García, J. Ortiz García (eds. / ur.), Mujer y vestimenta. Aspectos de la identidad femenina en la antigüedad, Monografías del SEMA de Valencia 2, 125–140.
PIETA, K. 1982, Die Puchov-Kultur. – Studia Archaeologica Slovaca 1.
PIETA, K. 2006, Ein junglatènezeitlicher Stieranhänger aus Udiča/Slowakei. – In / V: W.-R. Teegen, R. Cordie, O. Dörer, S. Rieckhoff, H. Steuer (eds. / ur.), Studien zur Lebenswelt der Eisenzeit. Festschrift für Rosemarie Müller, Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 53, 133–147, Berlin-New York.
POPOVIĆ, P., I. VRANIĆ 2006, The Textile Industry at Krševica (Southeast Serbia) in the Fourth-Third Centuries B.C. – Starinar 56, 309–326.
PRELOŽNIK, A. 2014, Zahodnopanonski vijčki (West Pannonian spindle whorls). – In / V: S. Tecco Hvala (ed. / ur.), Studia Praehistorica in Honorem Janez Dular, Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 30, 311–321.
RADOVIĆ, S. 2013, Ostaci životinja iz grobova latenske kulture / Animal remains from thr graves of the La Tene culture. – In / V: M. Dizdar, Zvonimirovo – Veliko polje. Groblje latenske kulture / A Cemetery of the La Tène Culture 1, Monographiae Instituti Archaeologici 8, 523–545.
RAHMSTORF, L. 2015, An introduction to the investigation of archaeological textile tools. – In / V: E. Andersson Strand, M.-L. Nosch (eds. / ur.), Tools, Textiles and Contexts. Investigating textile production in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age, Ancient Textile Series 21, 1–23.
RAMSL, P. C. 2002, Das eisenzeitliche Gräberfeld von Pottenbbrunn. – Forschungsansätze zu Wirtschaftlichen Grundlagen und Sozialen Strukturen der latènezeitlichen Bevölkerung des Traisentales, Niederösterreich, Fundberichte aus Österreich, Materialheft A 11.
RAMSL, P. C. 2011, Das latènezeitliche Gräberfeld von Mannersdorf am Leithagebirge, Flur Reinthal Süd, Niederösterreich. – Mitteilungen der Prähistorischen Kommission 74.
RAUSCH, A. 1995, Keltische Siedlungsfunde aus der Katastralgemeinde Schauboden im Erlauftal. – Unsere Heimat 66/3, 154–188.
RUSTOIU, A. 2017, Thracians – Illyrians – Celts. Cultural Connections in the Northern Balkans in the 4th–3rd Centuries BC. – Starinar 67, 33–52.
RUSTOIU, A., S. BERECKI 2016, Cultural encounters and fluid identities in the eastern Carpathian Basin in the 4th-3rd centuries BC. – In / V: I. Armit, H. Potrebica, M. Črešnar, P. Mason, L. Büster (eds. / ur.), Cultural Encounters in Iron Age Europe, Archaeolingua, Series Minor 38, 285–304.
SEKELJ IVANČAN, T., T. KARAVIDOVIĆ 2016, Tkalački stan iz Virja / A loom from Virje. – Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu 33, 171–235.
SMIRNOVA, G. I., V. F. MEGEI 1995, Necropola plană de tip Poieneşti-Lukaševka de la Dolinjany. – Studii si cercetari de istorie veche 46/2, 133–160.
SPAJIĆ, E. 1954, Nalazište mlađeg željeznog doba s terena Osijeka. – Osječki zbornik 4, 7–18.
SPAJIĆ, E. 1956, Nalazište mlađeg željeznog doba s terena Osijeka. – Osječki zbornik 5, 47–53.
SPAJIĆ, E. 1962, Nalazište mlađeg željeznog doba s terena Osijeka. – Osječki zbornik 8, 37–55.
STÄHLI, B. 1977, Die Latènegraber von Bern-Stadt. – Schriften des Seminars für Urgeschichte der Universität Bern 3.
STANCZIK, I., A. VADAY 1971, Keltische Bronzegürtel “ungarischen” Typus im Karpatbecken. – Folia Archaeologica 22, 7–27.
SUTER, P. J. 1984, Neuere Mittellatène-Grabkomplexe aus dem Kanton Bern. Ein Beitrag zur Latène C-Chronologie des schweizerischen Mittellandes. – Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte 67, 73–93.
SZABÓ, M., K. TANKÓ 2012, La nécropole celtique à Ludas-Varjú-Dűlő. – In / V: M. Szabó (ed. / ur.), La nécropole celtique à Ludas – Varjú-Dűlő, 9–152, Budapest.
SZU, A., I. OKA, O. MADARASSY 2007, Reconstructing the Roman and Celtic Dress of Aquincum. – EuroREA 4, 3–10.
ŠRIBAR, V. 1957, Latenski grob iz Spodnje Slivnice pri Grosuplju (A La Tène grave at Spodnja Slivnica near Grosuplje). – Arheološki vestnik 8, 141–149.
TANKÓ, K. 2015, The graves of Szob and some southern aspects of La Tène finds from northern Hungary. – In / V: M. Guštin, W. David (eds. / ur.), The Clash of Cultures?. The Celts and the Macedonian World, Schriften des Kelten-Römer-Museums Manching 9, 259–267.
TEODOR, S., M. NICU, S. ŢAU 1997, Aşezarea Geto- -Dacică de la Poiana (jud. Galaţi). Obiecte de port şi podoabă (II). Oglinzi, ace, obiecte de os. – Archeologia Moldovei 20, 27–88.
TODOROVIĆ, J. 1963, Rospi Ćuprija, Nécropole de l’époque de La Tène à Beograd. – Inventaria Archaeologica 6.
TODOROVIĆ, J. 1971, Katalog praistorijskih metalnih predmeta. – Katalog III, Muzej grada Beograda, Beograd.
TODOROVIĆ, J. 1972, Praistorijska Karaburma (The Prehistoric Karaburma) 1. Nekropola mlađeg gvozdenog doba (The necropolis of the Later Iron Age). – Dissertationes et Monographiae 13.
TOMIČIĆ, Ž., M. DIZDAR 2005, Grobovi latenske kulture s Velikog polja u Zvonimirovu – rezultati istraživanja 1993.-1995 / Gräber der La-Tène-Kultur von Veliko polje in Zvonimirovo – Ergebnisse der Forschungen 1993-1995. – Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu 22, 59–125.
ZACHAR, L., D. REXA 1988, Beitrag zur Problematik der spätlatènezeitlichen Siedlungshorizonte innerhalb des Bratislavaer Oppidums. – Zborník Slovenského Národného Múzea Historia 28, 27–72.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors guarantee that the work is their own original creation and does not infringe any statutory or common-law copyright or any proprietary right of any third party. In case of claims by third parties, authors commit their self to defend the interests of the publisher, and shall cover any potential costs.
More in: Submission chapter
