The usefulness of unsupervised classification methods for landscape typification: The case of Slovenia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS.7377Keywords:
geography, geographic information system, modeling, classification, landscape typology, SloveniaAbstract
Supervised and unsupervised classification methods can be a useful tool in determining various geographical spatial divisions, especially regionalizations and typifications. Because Slovenia is geographically very diverse, its divisions are a particularly significant and interesting research challenge. The main objective of this article is to determine the effectiveness of unsupervised classification methods, and therefore we compare the well-established landscape typology of Slovenia from 1996 with landscape typologies that were modeled using various unsupervised classification methods. Our results show that landscape typologies modeled using unsupervised classification methods deviate more from the original landscape typology of Slovenia than landscape typologies modeled using random and expert-supervised classification methods.Downloads
References
Abonyi, J., Feil, B. 2007: Cluster analysis for data mining and system identification. Basel, Boston, Berlin, Birkhäuser.
Bailey, R. G. 1996: Ecosystem geography. New York.
Bastian, O. 2000: Landscape classification in Saxony (Germany) – a tool for holistic regional planning. Landscape and urban planning 50, 1–3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00086-4
Bernert, J. A., Eilers, J. M., Freemark, K. E., Ribic, C. 1997: A quantitative method for delineating regions: An example for the western Corn Belt Plains Ecoregion of the USA. Environmental Management 21-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s002679900038
Brabyn, L. 1998: GIS analysis of macro landform. 10th colloquium of the Spatial Information Research Centre, University of Otago. Dunedin.
Brabyn, L. 2018: NZ Landscape classification version II. Internet: https://www.waikato.ac.nz/eri/about/people/larsb/New-Zealand-Landscape-Classification-v2.1.pdf (16. 12. 2018).
Bunce, R. G. H, Barr, C. J., Clarke, R. T., Howard, D. C., Lane, A. M. J. 1996: Land classification for strategic ecological survey. Journal of environmental management 47-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.1996.0034
Ciglič, R. 2012: Evaluation of digital data layers for establishing natural landscape types in Slovenia. Landscapes: Perception, knowledge, awareness, and action. Proceedings of the FG-SHU International Symposium on Geography. New York.
Ciglič, R. 2013: Uporaba geografskih informacijskih sistemov za določanje naravnih pokrajinskih tipov Slovenije. Ph.D. thesis, Univerza v Ljubljani, Filozofska fakulteta. Ljubljana.
Ciglič, R. 2014: Analiza naravnih pokrajinskih tipov Slovenije z GIS-om. Geografija Slovenije 28. Ljubljana.
Ciglič, R. 2018: Assessing the impact of input data incongruity in selected quantitative methods for modelling natural landscape typologies. Geografski vestnik 90-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/GV90107
Ciglič, R., Geršič, M., Perko, D., Zorn, M. (eds.) 2016: Digitalni podatki. GIS v Sloveniji 13. Ljubljana.
Ciglič, R., Perko, D. 2012: Slovenia in geographical typifications and regionalizations of Europe. Geografski vestnik 84-1.
Ciglič, R., Perko, D. 2013: Europe's landscape hotspots. Acta geographica Slovenica 53-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS53106
Ciglič, R., Perko, D. 2015: Modelling as a method for evaluating natural landscape typology: The case of Slovenia. Landscape Analysis and Planning. Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13527-4
Ciglič, R., Perko, D. 2017: A method for evaluating raster data layers according to landscape classification scale. Ecological Informatics 39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2017.03.004
Ciglič, R., Perko, D., Hrvatin, M., Štrumbelj, E. 2017: Modeling and evaluating older landscape classifications with modern quantitative methods. From pattern and process to people and action. Ghent.
Clark, A. N. 1998: The Penguin dictionary of geography. London.
Demeritt, D., Wainwright, J. 2005: Models, modelling and geography. Questioning geography: fundamental Debates. Malden.
Dikau, R., Brabb, E. E., Mark, R. K. 1991: Landform classification of New Mexico by computer. Menlo Park.
Dodge, Y. 2008: The concise encyclopedia of statistics. New York.
Eastman, J. R. 2016: TerrSet. Geospatial Monitoring and Modeling System. Manual. Worcester.
Ellison, A. M. 2010: Repeatability and transparency in ecological research. Ecology 91-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0032.1
Ferligoj, A. 1989: Razvrščanje v skupine. Teorija in uporaba v družboslovju. Ljubljana.
Gabrovec, M., Hrvatin, M. 1998: Površje. Geografski atlas Slovenije. Ljubljana.
Gallant, A. L., Douglas, D. B., Hoffer, R. M. 2005: Automated mapping of Hammond's landforms. IEEE geoscience and remote sensing letters 2-4. Piscataway.
Gams, I. 1983: Geografske značilnosti Slovenije. Ljubljana.
Gams, I. 1984: Metodologija geografske razčlenitve ozemlja. Geografski vestnik 56.
Gams, I. 1998: Pokrajinsko ekološka sestava Slovenije. Geografija Slovenije. Ljubljana.
Gams, I., Kladnik, D., Orožen Adamič, M. 1995: Naravnogeografske regije Slovenije. Krajevni leksikon Slovenije. Ljubljana.
Haggett, P. 2001: Geography: a global synthesis. Harlow.
Hammond, E. H. 1964: Analysis of properties in landform geography: An application to broadscale landform mapping. Annals of Association of American Geographers 54-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1964.tb00470.x
Hazeu, G. W., Metzger, M. J., Mücher, C. A., Perez-Soba, M., Renetzeder, C., Andersen, E. 2011: European environmental stratifications and typologies: An overview. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment 142, 1–2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.01.009
Hrvatin, M., Perko, D. 2012: Morphological typifications of Slovenia’s surface using global classification methods. Geografski vestnik 84-1.
Ilešič, S. 1956: Slovenske pokrajine. Geografski obzornik 3-2.
Ilešič, S. 1958: Problemi geografske rajonizacije ob primeru Slovenije. Geografski vestnik 29-30.
Iwahashi, J., Pike, R. J. 2006: Automated classifications of topography from DEMs by an unsupervised nested-means algorithm and a three-part geometric signature. Geomorphology 86, 3–4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.09.012
Jiang, B., Ding, X., Ma, L., He, Y., Wang, T., Xie, W. 2008: A hybrid feature selection algorithm: combination of symmetrical uncertainty and genetic algorithms. Optimization and systems biology. Lijiang.
Jongman, R. H. G., Bunce, R. G. H., Metzger, M. J., Mücher, C. A., Howard, D. C., Mateus, V. L. 2006: Objectives and applications of a statistical environmental stratification of Europe. Landscape Ecology 21-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-005-6428-0
Kladnik, D. 1996: Naravnogeografske členitve Slovenije. Geografski vestnik 68.
Kladnik, D., Perko, D., Urbanc, M. 2009: Cultural landscapes in Slovenia from geographical perspective. Cultural landscape – Across disciplines. Kraków.
Loveland, T. R., Merchant, J. M. 2004: Ecoregions and ecoregionalization: geographical and ecological perspectives. Environmental Management 34-S1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-5181-x
McGarigal, K., Cushman, S., Stafford, S. 2000: Multivariate statistics for wildlife and ecology research. New York.
McMahon, G., Wiken, E. B., Gauthier, D. A. 2004: Toward a scientifically rigorous basis for developing mapped ecological regions. Environmental Management 34-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0170-2
Melik, A. 1935: Slovenija – geografski opis. Ljubljana.
Melik, A. 1946: Prirodnogospodarska sestava Slovenije. Geografski vestnik 18.
Mücher, C. A., Bunce, R. G. H., Jongman, R. H. G., Klijn, J. A., Koomen, A. J. M., Metzger, M. J., Wascher, D. M. 2003: Identification and characterisation of environments and landscapes in Europe. Alterra rapport 832. Wageningen.
Natek, K. 1993: Tipi površja v Sloveniji. Geografski obzornik 40-4.
Natek, K., Žiberna, I. 2004: Naravnogeografske regionalizacije Slovenije. Teorija in praksa regionalizacije Slovenije. Maribor.
Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G. V. N., Underwood, E. C., D'Amico, J. A., Itoua, I., Strand, H. E., Morrison, J. C., Loucks, C. J., Allnut, T. F., Ricketts, T. H., Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J. F., Wettengel, W. W., Hedao, P., Kassem, K. R. 2001: Terrestrial ecoregions of the World: a new map of life on earth: A new global map of terrestrial ecoregions provides an innovative tool for conserving biodiversity. BioScience 51-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2
Oštir, K. 2006: Daljinsko zaznavanje. Ljubljana.
Pan-European Biological and Landscape diversity strategy, 1996. Internet: http://www.unibuc.ro/prof/patru-stupariu_i_g/docs/2014/noi/03_11_52_38paneurop_strategie.pdf (12. 12. 2018).
Perko, D. 1998: Regionalizacija Slovenije. Geografski zbornik 38.
Perko, D. 2001: Analiza površja Slovenije s stometrskim digitalnim modelom reliefa. Geografija Slovenije 3. Ljubljana.
Perko, D. 2007: Landscapes. Slovenia in focus. Ljubljana.
Perko, D., Hrvatin, M. 2009: Določanje morfoloških enot površja v Sloveniji s prirejeno Hammondovo metodo. Geografski vestnik 81-2.
Perko, D., Hrvatin M., Ciglič, R. 2015: A methodology for natural landscape typification of Slovenia. Acta geographica Slovenica 55-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS.1938
Plut, D. 1999: Regionalizacija Slovenije po sonaravnih kriterijih. Geografski vestnik 71.
Plut, D. 2005: Teoretična in vsebinska zasnova trajnostno sonaravnega napredka. Dela 23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4312/dela.23.59-113
Pravilnik o določanju in vodenju bonitete zemljišč. Uradni list Republike Slovenije 47/2008. Ljubljana.
Richards, J., Jia, X. 2006: Remote sensing digital image analysis: an introduction. Berlin, Heidelberg. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30062-2
Rogerson, P. A. 2006: Statistical methods for geography: a student guide. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi.
Romportl, D., Chuman, T. 2012: Proposal method of landscape typology in the Czech Republic. Journal of landscape ecology 5-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10285-012-0057-5
Runhaar, H. J., Udo de Haes, H. A. 1994: The use of site factors as classification characteristiccs for ecotopes. Ecosystem classification for environmental management. Dordrecht. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1384-9_7
Špes, M., Cigale, D., Lampič, B., Natek, K., Plut, D., Smrekar, A. 2002: Študija ranljivosti okolja. Geographica Slovenica 35, 1–2. Ljubljana.
TerrSet Help System. Clark Labs. Worcester, 2015. Internet: http://clarklabssf.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/TerrSet-Help-System.zip (12. 12. 2018).
Tirelli, T., Pessani, D. 2011: Importance of feature selection in decision-tree and artificial-neural-network ecological applications. Alburnus alburnus alborella: A practical example. Ecological Informatics 6-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2010.11.001
The European Landscape Convention. Internet: https://www.coe.int/en/web/landscape/home (10. 9. 2018).
Theodoridis, S., Koutroumbas, K. 2006: Pattern recognition. San Diego.
Udo de Haes, H. A., Klijn, F. 1994: Environmental policy and ecosystem classification. Ecosystem classification for environmental management. Dordrecht. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1384-9_1
Verbič, T. 1998: Kamnine. Geografski atlas Slovenije. Ljubljana.
Warner, T. A., Campagna, D. J. 2009: Remote sensing with Idrisi® Taiga. A beginner’s guide. Hong Kong.
Whittow, J. B. 2000: Dictionary of physical geography. London.
Zupančič, M., Marinček, L., Puncer, I., Seliškar, A. 1998: Potencialno naravna vegetacija. Geografski atlas Slovenije. Ljubljana.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Drago Perko, Rok Ciglič, Mauro Hrvatin
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.