Hierarchical cluster classification and analysis of cirques in Slovenian Alps

Klemen Cof; Uroš Stepišnik; Manja Žebre; Matej Lipar

doi:10.3986/AGS.14012

Avtorji

Klemen Cof University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Ljubljana, Slovenia https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7478-6050
Uroš Stepišnik University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Ljubljana, Slovenia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8475-8630
Manja Žebre Geological Survey of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6772-2866
Matej Lipar Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ljubljana, Slovenia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4414-0147

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS.14012

Ključne besede:

glacialna geomorfologija, krnice, hierarhična metoda razvrščanja, analiza variance, Slovenija, jugovzhodne evropske Alpe

Povzetek

V članku je predstavljena klasifikacija slovenskih krnic v jugovzhodnih evropskih Alpah na osnovi morfometričnih podatkov. Klasifikacija je bila izvedena s hierarhično metodo razvrščanja in nato preverjena z analizo variance ter testi Kruskal-Wallis, Watsonov U² in Hi-kvadrat. 86 slovenskih krnic je bilo razdeljenih v pet krniških tipov. Krniške tipe 1, 2, 3 in 5 so oblikovali ledeniki na visokih nadmorskih višinah (1800–2000 m) pod različnimi pogoji in na različnih ekspozicijah (SSZ, Z, JV, V). Krniški tip 4 so oblikovali ledeniki na nižjih nadmorskih višinah (1500–1800 m) na območjih robne poledenitve na severovzhodnih ekspozicijah. Klasifikacija nudi hitro in dosledno metodo deljenja novih krniških populacij in nudi prvi vpogled v krniško populacijo in paleopodnebne razmere v Sloveniji.

Prenosi

Podatki o prenosih še niso na voljo.

Literatura

Agostinelli, C., Lund, U. 2025: R package 'circular': Circular Statistics (version 0.5-2). R package. CRAN. https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.circular

Aniya, M., Welch, R. 1981: Morphometric analyses of antarctic cirques from photogrammetric measurements. Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography 63-1,2. https://doi.org/10.2307/520563

Ardelean, F., Drăguţ, L., Urdea, P., Török-Oance, M. 2013: Variations in landform definition: a quantitative assessment of differences between five maps of glacial cirques in the Ţarcu Mountains (Southern Carpathians, Romania). Area 45-3.

Barr, I. D., Ely, J. C., Spagnolo, M., Clark, C. D., Evans, I. S., Pellicer, X. M., Pellitero, R. et al. 2017: Climate patterns during former periods of mountain glaciation in Britain and Ireland: Inferences from the cirque record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.07.001

Barr, I. D., Spagnolo, M. 2013: Palaeoglacial and palaeoclimatic conditions in the NW Pacific, as revealed by a morphometric analysis of cirques upon the Kamchatka Peninsula. Geomorphology 192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.03.011

Barr, I. D., Spagnolo, M. 2015: Glacial cirques as palaeoenvironmental indicators: Their potential and limitations. Earth-Science Reviews 151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.10.004

Batschelet, E. 1981: Circular statistics in biology. Academic Press.

Bavec, M. 2001: Kvartarni sedimenti Zgornjega Posočja. Ph.D. thesis. Univerza v Ljubljani.

Bavec, M., Verbič, T. 2004: The extent of Quaternary glaciations in Slovenia. Developments in Quaternary Science 2-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1571-0866(04)80088-5

Carr, S. J., Coleman, C. G. 2007: An improved technique for the reconstruction of former glacier mass-balance and dynamics. Geomorphology 92-1,2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.02.008

Coleman, C. G., Carr, S. J., Parker, A. G. 2009: Modelling topoclimatic controls on palaeoglaciers: implications for inferring palaeoclimate from geomorphic evidence. Quaternary Science Reviews 28-3,4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.10.016

Dixon, J. L., von Blanckenburg, F., Stüwe, K., Christl, M. 2016: Glaciation's topographic control on Holocene erosion at the eastern edge of the Alps. Earth Surface Dynamics 4-4. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-895-2016

Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L., Hughes, P. D. (eds.) 2011: Quaternary glaciations - extent and chronology: A closer look. Developments in Quaternary Sciences 15. Elsevier.

Evans, I. S. 1977: World-wide variations in the direction and concentration of cirque and glacier aspects. Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography 59-3,4. https://doi.org/10.2307/520797

Evans, I. S. 1997: Process and form in the erosion of glaciated mountains. In: Process and form in geomorphology. Routledge.

Evans, I. S. 2006a: Allometric development of glacial cirque form: Geological, relief and regional effects on the cirques of Wales. Geomorphology 80-3,4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.02.013

Evans, I. S. 2006b: Local aspect asymmetry of mountain glaciation: A global survey of consistency of favoured directions for glacier numbers and altitudes. Geomorphology 73-1,2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.07.009

Evans, I. S., Cox, N. J. 1974: Geomorphometry and the operational definition of cirques. Area 6-2.

Evans, I. S., Cox, N. J. 1995: The form of glacial cirques in the English Lake District, Cumbria. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 39-2.

Evans, I. S., McClean, C. J. 1995: The land surface is not unifractal: variograms, cirque scale and allometry. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 101.

Ferk, M., Gabrovec, M., Komac, B., Zorn, M., Stepišnik, U. 2017: Pleistocene glaciation in Mediterranean Slovenia. In: Quaternary glaciation in the Mediterranean mountains. Special Publications 433. Geological Society. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP433.2

Field, A. P. 2013: Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics: and sex and drugs and rock 'n' roll. SAGE.

Fisher, N. I. 1993: Statistical analysis of circular data. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511564345

Fisher, R. A. 1922: On the interpretation of χ2 from contingency tables, and the calculation of p. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 85-1. https://doi.org/10.2307/2340521

Gareth, J., Witten, D., Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R. 2013: An introduction to statistical learning : with applications in R. Springer.

Geological Survey of Slovenia 2007: Litostratigrafska karta Slovenije. 1:100,000 map.

Gutiérrez, F., Gutiérrez, M. 2016: Periglacial landforms. In: Landforms of the Earth: An Illustrated Guide. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26947-4_12

Holm, S. 1979: A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 6-2.

Hrvatin, M. 2016: Morfometrične značilnosti površja na različnih kamninah v Sloveniji. Ph.D. thesis. Univerza na Primorskem.

Hrvatin, M., Tičar, J., Zorn, M. 2020: Rocks and tectonic structure of Slovenia. In: The Geography of Slovenia: Small But Diverse. World Regional Geography Book Series. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14066-3_2

Hughes, P. D., Allard, J. L., Woodward, J. C. 2021: The Balkans: glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum. In: European Glacial Landscapes: Maximum Extent of Glaciations. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823498-3.00058-3

Hughes, P. D., Gibbard, P. L., Woodward, J. C. 2007: Geological controls on Pleistocene glaciation and cirque form in Greece. Geomorphology 88-3,4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.11.008

IBM 2021: Hierarchical cluster analysis. Software documentation.

IBM 2022: IBM SPSS Statistics Base 29. Software documentation.

Knight, J., Harrison, S. 2014: Mountain glacial and paraglacial environments under global climate change: lessons from the past, future directions and policy implications. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 96-3. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoa.12051

Kodelja, B., Žebre, M., Stepišnik, U. 2018: Poledenitev Trnovskega gozda. E-GeograFF 6. Založba Univerze v Ljubljani. https://doi.org/10.4312/9789612375614

Komac, B., Pavšek, M., Topole, M. 2020: Climate and weather of Slovenia. In: The Geography of Slovenia: Small But Diverse. World Regional Geography Book Series. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14066-3_5

Mardia, K. V., Jupp, P. E. 1999: Directional statistics. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470316979

Mîndrescu, M., Evans, I. S. 2014: Cirque form and development in Romania: Allometry and the buzzsaw hypothesis. Geomorphology 208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.11.019

Mitchell, S. G., Montgomery, D. R. 2006: Influence of a glacial buzzsaw on the height and morphology of the Cascade Range in central Washington State, USA. Quaternary Research 65-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.08.018

Natek, K. 2007: Periglacial landforms in the Pohorje mountains. Dela 27. https://doi.org/10.4312/dela.27.247-263

Ogrin, D., Repe, B., Štaut, L., Svetlin, D., Ogrin, M. 2023: Climate classification of Slovenia based on data from the period 1991–2020. Dela 59. https://doi.org/10.4312/dela.59.5-89

Penck, A. 1905: Glacial features in the surface of the Alps. The Journal of Geology 13-1.

Perko, D., Ciglič, R., Hrvatin, M. 2021: Landscape macrotypologies and microtypologies of Slovenia. Acta geographica Slovenica 61-3. https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS.10384

R Foundation for Statistical Computing, R Core Team 2025: R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Computer software.

Rogerson, P. A. 2001: Statistical methods for geography. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849209953

Singh, V. P., Singh, P., Haritashya, U. K. (eds.) 2011: Encyclopedia of snow, ice and glaciers. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2

Slovenian Environment Agency 2015: Lidar. Dataset.

Spagnolo, M., Pellitero, R., Barr, I. D., Ely, J. C., Pellicer, X. M., Rea, B. R. 2017: ACME, a GIS tool for automated cirque metric extraction. Geomorphology 278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.11.018

Steinemann, O., Ivy-Ochs, S., Grazioli, S., Luetscher, M., Fischer, U., Vockenhuber, C., Synal, H. A. 2020: Quantifying glacial erosion on a limestone bed and the relevance for landscape development in the Alps. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 45-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4812

Stephens, M. A. 1970: Use of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Cramér-Von Mises and related statistics without extensive tables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological) 32-1.

Stojilković, B., Stepišnik, U., Žebre, M. 2013: Pleistocenska poledenitev v Logarski dolini. Dela 40. https://doi.org/10.4312/dela.40.25-38

Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia 2016a: Digitalni model višin 5 x 5 m (DMV 0050). Dataset.

Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia 2016b: Digitalni model višin 12,5 x 12,5 m (DMV 0125). Dataset.

Vilborg, L. 1984: The cirque forms of Central Sweden. Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography 66-1,2. https://doi.org/10.2307/520939

Watson, G. S. 1962: Goodness-of-fit tests on a circle. II. Biometrika 49-1,2. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/49.1-2.57

Zhenhua, C. 2011: Exploring new trends of university libraries by SPSS cluster analysis method — Take Wuhan University of Technology as an example. In: 2011 International Conference on Product Innovation Management (ICPIM 2011). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPIM.2011.5983578

Žebre, M., Stepišnik, U. 2014: Reconstruction of Late Pleistocene glaciers on Mount Lovćen, Montenegro. Quaternary International 353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.05.006

Žebre, M., Stepišnik, U. 2016: Glaciokarst geomorphology of the Northern Dinaric Alps: Snežnik (Slovenia) and Gorski Kotar (Croatia). Journal of Maps 12-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2015.1095133

Žebre, M., Stepišnik, U., Kodelja, B. 2013: Sledovi pleistocenske poledenitve na Trnovskem gozdu. Dela 39. https://doi.org/10.4312/dela.39.157-170