Sediment production in flysch badlands: A case study from Slovenian Istria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS.6721Keywords:
geomorphology, geomorphic processes, erosion processes, sediment production, cliff retreat, geography, Slovenian Istria, SloveniaAbstract
This article deals with the results of seven years of measurements of sediment release from the flysch badlands in the Rokava River headwaters. Measurements of sediment production were carried out in erosion plots, and measurements of cliff (or rockwall) retreat using erosion pins. Selected meteorological time series from the Portorož Airport meteorological station were included in the analysis. The calculation showed that from 2008 to 2015 (149 measurements) sediment production was 36 kg/m² per year and the flysch cliff retreated by 146 mm or 21 mm per year. The amount of sediment produced is moderately positively correlated with the number of days between successive measurements (r = 0.51), with a recorded daily transition of air temperature over/below 0 °C (r = 0.56) and slightly more weakly correlated with the precipitation amount (r = 0.45). On the other hand, the amount of sediment produced has a low negative correlation with average air temperature (r = −0.29) and average minimum air temperature (r = −0.30). However, no statistically significant correlation was calculated between the amount of sediment produced and average wind speed.
Downloads
References
Achten, W. M. J., Dondeyne, S., Samweli, M., Elly, K., Jean, P., Jozef, D., Bart, M. 2008: Gully erosion in South Eastern Tanzania: Spatial distribution and topographic thresholds. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 52-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1127/0372-8854/2008/0052-0225
Agencija Republike Slovenije za okolje: Dnevni podatki o meteoroloških spremenljivkah za postajo Portorož – letališče v obdobju 2008–2015 in mesečna povprečja za obdobje 1981–2010. Ljubljana, 2017.
Alexander, D. E. 1982: Difference between calanchi and biancane badlands in Italy. Badland Geomorphology and Piping. Norwich.
Benito, G., Gutiérrez, M., Sancho C. 1992: Erosion rates in badland areas of the central Ebro Basin (NE-Spain). Catena 19, 3-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(92)90002-S
Benito, G., Gutiérrez, M., Sancho C. 1993: The influence of physico-chemical properties on erosion processes in badland areas, Ebro Basin, NE-Spain. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 37-2.
Boardman, J., Parsons, A. J., Holland, R., Holmes, P. J., Washington, R. 2003: Development of badlands and gullies in the Sneeuberg, Great Karoo, South Africa. Catena, 50, 1-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(02)00144-3
Bryan, R. B., Campbell, I. A., Yair, A. 1987: Postglacial geomorphic development of the Dinosaur Provincial Park badland, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 24-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/e87-011
Bryan, R. B., Yair, A. 1982: Perspectives on studies of badland geomorphology. Badland geomorphology and piping. Norwich.
Campbell, I. A. 1997: Badlands and badland gullies. Arid zone geomorphology: Process, form and change in drylands. Chichester.
Cantón, Y., Domingo, F., Solé-Benet, A., Puigdefábregas, J. 2001: Hydrological and erosion response of a badlands system in semiarid SE Spain. Journal of Hydrology 252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00450-4
Ciccacci, S., Galiano M., Roma, M. A., Salvatore, M. C. 2008: Morphological analysis and erosion rate evaluation in badlands of Radicofani area (Southern Tuscany — Italy). Catena 74-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2008.03.012
Clarke, M. L., Rendell, H. 2000: The impact of the farming practice of remodelling hillslope topography on badland morphology and soil erosion processes. Catena 40-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(99)00047-8
Clarke, M. L., Rendell, H. M. 2006: Process-form relationships in Southern Italian badlands: erosion rates and implications for landform evolution. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1226
Clotet, N., Gallart, F., Balasch, C. 1988: Medium term erosion rates in a small scarcely vegetated catchment in the Pyrenees. Catena Suppl. 13.
Curry, A. M., Morris, C. J. 2004: Lateglacial and Holocene talus slope development and rockwall retreat on Mynydd Du, UK. Geomorphology 58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(03)00226-5
De Ploey, J. 1974: Mechanical properties of hillslopes and their relation to gullying in central semi-arid Tunisia. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplementband 21.
Díaz-Hernández, J. L., Juliá, R. 2006: Geochronological position of badlands and geomorphological patterns in the Guadix–Baza basin (SE Spain). Quaternary Research 65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.01.009
Eriksson, M., Reuterswärd, K., Christiansson, C. 2003: Changes in the fluvial system of the Kondoa Irangi Hills, central Tanzania, since 1960. Hydrological Processes 17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1386
Feoli, E., Gallizia Vuerich, L., Woldu, Z. 2002: Processes of environmental degradation and opportunities for rehabilitation in Adwa, Northern Ethiopia. Landscape Ecology 17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020566801067
Gallart, F., Solé, A., Puigdefàbregas, J., Lázaro, R. 2002: Badland systems in the Mediterranean. Dryland Rivers: Hydrology and Geomorphology of Semi-arid Channels. Chichester.
Globevnik, L. 2001: Celosten pristop k urejanju voda v povodjih. Ph.D. thesis, Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo Univerze v Ljubljani. Ljubljana.
Globevnik, L., Sovinc, A., Fazarinc, R. 1998: Land degradation and environmental changes in the Slovenian Submediterranean (the Dragonja River catchment). Geoökodynamik 19, 3-4.
Gulam, V. 2012: Erozija ogolina u flišu središnje Istre. Ph.D. thesis, Rudarsko geološko naftni fakultet Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Zagreb.
Gulam, V., Gajski, D., Podolszki, L. 2018: Photogrammetric measurement methods of the gully rock wall retreat in Istrian badlands. Catena 160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2017.09.024
Gulam, V., Pollak, D., Podolszki, L. 2014: The analysis of the flysch badlands inventory in central Istria, Croatia. Geologica Croatica 67-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4154/GC.2014.01
Harvey, A. 2004: Badland. Encyclopedia of Geomorphology 1. London.
Howard, A. D. 1994: Badlands. Geomorphology of Desert Environments. London
Howard, A. D. 1997: Badland morphology and evolution: Interpretation using a simulation model. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199703)22:3<211::AID-ESP749>3.0.CO;2-E
Howard, A. D. 2009: Badlands and gullying. Geomorphology of Desert Environments. Dordrecht.
Howard, A. D., Kerby, G. 1983: Chanell changes in badlands. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<739:CCIB>2.0.CO;2
Imeson, A. C., Kwaad, F. J. P. M., Verstraten, J. M. 1982: The relationship of soil physical and chemical properties to the development of badlands in Morocco Badland geomorphology and piping. Norwich.
Joshi, V., Tambe, D., Dhawade, G. 2009: Geomorphometry and fractal dimension of a riverine badland in Maharashtra. Journal of the Geological Society of India 73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-009-0015-y
Jurak, V., Aljinović, D., Petraš, J., Gajski, D. 2003: Field intensity measurements of erosion instability in flysch deposits in Istria, Croatia. Geotechnical Measurements and Modelling. Lisse/Abingdon/Exton/Tokyo.
Jurak, V., Fabić, Z. 2000: Erozija kišom u slivu bujičnog vodotoka u središnjoj Istri. Zbornik radova 2. Hrvatskog geološkog kongresa. Cavtat – Dubrovnik.
Jurak, V., Petraš, J., Gajski, D. 2002: Istraživanje ekscesivne erozije na ogoljelim flišnim padinama u Istri primjenom terestičke fotogrametrije. Hrvatske vode 10-38.
Keesstra, S. D. 2006: The effects of natural reforestation on the hydrology, river morphology and sediment budget of the Dragonja river SW Slovenia. Ph.D. thesis, Vrije Universiteit. Amsterdam.
Keesstra, S. D. 2007: Impact of natural reforestation on floodplain sedimentation in the Dragonja basin, SW Slovenia. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 32-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1360
Keesstra, S. D., van Dam, O., Verstraeten, G., van Huissteden, J. 2009: Changing sediment dynamics due to natural reforestation in the Dragonja catchment, SW Slovenia. Catena 78-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2009.02.021
Keesstra, S. D., van Huissteden, J. Vandenberghe, J., van Dam, O., de Gier, J., Pleizier, I. D. 2005: Evolution of the morphology of the river Dragonja (SW Slovenia) due to land-use changes. Geomorphology 69, 1-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.01.004
Kladnik, D., Lovrenčak, F., Orožen Adamič, M. 2005: Geografski terminološki slovar. Ljubljana.
Komac, B. 2003: Dolomite relief in the Žibrše Hills. Acta geographica Slovenica 43-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS43201
Komac, B., Zorn, M. 2005: Soil erosion on agricultural land in Slovenia – measurements of rill erosion in the Besnica valley. Acta geographica Slovenica 45-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS45103
Komac, B., Zorn, M. 2007: Meritve in modeliranje erozije v Sloveniji. Strategija varovanja tal v Sloveniji: zbornik referatov. Ljubljana.
Liu, T., An, Z., Yuan, B., Han, J. 1985: The loess-palaeosol sequence in China and climatic historiy. Episodes 8-1.
Maerker, M., Castro, C. P., Pelacani, S., Baeurel, M. V. S. 2008: Assessment of soil degradation susceptibility in the Chacabuco Province of Central Chile using a morphometry based response units approach. Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quaternaria 31-1.
Martínez-Murillo, J. F., Nadal-Romero, E., Regüés, D., Cerdàd, A., Poesen, J. 2013: Soil erosion and hydrology of the western Mediterranean badlands throughout rainfall simulation experiments: A review. Catena 106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2012.06.001
Miščević, P., Števanić, D., Štambuk-Cvitanović, N. 2009: Slope instability mechanisms in dipping conglomerates over weathered marls: Bol landslide, Croatia. Environmental Geology 56-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1236-x
Nadal-Romero, E., Larton, J., Martí-Bono, C., Regüés, D. 2008: Temporal distribution of suspended sediment transport in a humid Mediterranean badland area: The Araguás catchment, Central Pyrenees. Geomorphology 97, 3-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.09.009
Nadal-Romero, E., Martínez-Murillo, J. F., Vanmaercke, M., Poesen, J. 2011: Scale-dependency of sediment yield from badland areas in Mediterranean environments. Progress in Physical Geography 35-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133311400330
Nadal-Romero, E., Regüés, D. 2010: Geomorphological dynamics of subhumid mountain badland areas – weathering, hydrological and suspended sediment transport processes: A case study in the Araguás catchment (Central Pyrenees) and implications for altered hydroclimatic regimes. Progress in Physical Geography 34-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133309356624
Nadal-Romero, E., Regüés, D., Martí-Bono, C., Serrano-Muela, P. 2007: Badland dynamics in the Central Pyrenees: temporal and spatial patterns of weathering processes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 32-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1458
Nogueras, P, Burjachs, F., Gallart, F., Puigdefàbregas, J. 2000: Recent gully erosion in the El Cautivo badlands (Tabernas, SE Spain). Catena 40-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(99)00048-X
Ogrin, D. 1992: Dendromorphological analysis of erosion processes – two case studies from Koprsko primorje (Slovenia). Geomorphology and sea. Zagreb.
Ogrin, D., Plut. D. 2009: Aplikativna fizična geografija Slovenije. Ljubljana.
Petkovšek, G. 2002: Kvantifikacija in modeliranje erozije tal z aplikacijo v porečju Dragonje. Ph.D. thesis, Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo Univerze v Ljubljani. Ljubljana.
Petkovšek, G., Mikoš, M. 2003: Measurements of erosion processes in the experimental catchment of the Dragonja river, SW Slovenia. Acta Hydrotechnica 21-34.
Petkovšek, G., Mikoš, M. 2004: Estimating the R factor from daily rainfall data in the Sub-Mediterranean climate of southwest Slovenia. Estimating the R factor from daily rainfall data in the Sub-Mediterranean climate of southwest Slovenia 49-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.49.5.869.55134
Piccaretta, M., Faulkner, H., Bentivenga, M., Capolongo, D. 2006: The influence of physico-chemical material properties on erosion processes in the badlands of Basilicata, Southern Italy. Geomorphology 81, 3-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.04.010
Placer, L., Košir, A., Popit, T., Šmuc, A., Juvan, G. 2004: The Buzet Thrust Fault in Istria and overturned carbonate megabeds in the Eocene flysch of the Dragonja Valley (Slovenia). Geologija 47-2.
Poesen, J. W. A., Hooke, J. M. 1997: Erosion, flooding and channel management in Mediterranean environments of southern Europe. Progress in Physical Geography 21-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/030913339702100201
Poesen, J., Vanwalleghem, T., de Vente, J., Knapen, A., Verstraeten, G., Martínez- Casasnovas, J. A. 2006: Gully erosion in Europe. Soil Erosion in Europe. Chichester. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/0470859202.ch39
Regüés, D., Gallart, F. 2004: Seasonal patterns of runoff and erosion responses to simulated rainfall in a badland area in Mediterranean mountain conditions (Vallcebre, southeastern Pyrenees). Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1067
Regüés, D., Guárdia, R., Gallart, F. 2000: Geomorphic agents versus vegetation spreading as causes of badland occurrence in a Mediterranean subhumid mountainous area. Catena 40-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(99)00045-4
Regüés, D., Pardini, G., Gallart, F. 1995: Regolith behaviour and physical weathering of clayey mudrock as dependent on seasonal weather conditions in a badland area at Vallcebre, Eastern Pyrenees. Catena 25, 1-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(95)00010-P
Rendell, H. M. 1982: Clay hillslope erosion rates in Basento Valley, S. Italy. Geography Annales 64, 3-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/04353676.1982.11880061
Saunders, I., Young, A. 1983: Rate of surface processes on slope, slope retreat and denudation. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 8-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290080508
Scheidegger, A. E., Schumm, S. A., Fairbridge, R. W. 1968: Badlands. The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology. New York.
Schumm, S. A. 1956: Evolution of drainage systems and slopes in badlands at Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Geological Society of America Bulletin 67-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1956)67[597:EODSAS]2.0.CO;2
Schumm, S. A. 1962: Erosion on Miniature Pediments in Badlands National Momunent, South Dakota. Geological Society of America Bulletin 73-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1962)73[719:EOMPIB]2.0.CO;2
Sirvent, J., Desir, G, Gutierrez, M, Sancho, C., Benito, G. 1997: Erosion rates in badland areas recorded by collectors, erosion pins and profilometer techniques (Ebro Basin, NE-Spain). Geomorphology 18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(96)00023-2
Staut, M., Mikoš, M. 2008: Spremembe intenzivnosti erozije v porečju Dragonje v drugi polovici 20. stoletja. Annales Series Historia Naturalis 18-1.
Stroosnijder, L. 2005: Measurenments of erosion: It is possible. Catena 64, 2-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.08.004
Švigelj, J. 2015: Intenzivnost preperevanja na dolomitu in flišnih kamninah. B.Sc. thesis, Fakulteta za humanistične študije Univerze na Primorskem. Koper.
Torri, D., Calzolari, C., Rodolfi, G. 2000: Badlands in changing environments: an introduction. Catena 40-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(00)00119-3
Torri, D., Colica, A., Rockwell, D. 1994: Preliminary study of the erosion mechanisms in a biancana badland (Tuscany, Italy). Catena 23, 3-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(94)90073-6
Turowski, J. M., Cook, K. L. 2017: Field techniques for measuring bedrock erosion and denudation. Earth surface processes and landforms 42-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4007
Vivoda Prodan, M., Arbanas, Ž. 2016: Weathering Influence on properties of siltstones from Istria, Croatia. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3073202
Vivoda Prodan, M., Mileusnić, M., Mihalić Arbanas, S., Arbanas, Ž. 2017: Influence of weathering processes on the shear strength of siltstones from a flysch rock mass along the northern Adriatic coast of Croatia. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-016-0881-7
Wainwright, J. 1994: Anthropogenic factors in the degradation of semiarid regions: A prehistoric case study in Southern France. Effects of environmental changes on drylands. Chichester.
Wainwright, J., Brazier, R. 2011: Slope systems. Arid zone geomorphology. 3rd Edition. Chichester.
Wainwright, J., Thornes, J. B. 2003: Environmental issues in the Mediterranean: Processes and perspectives from the past and present. London.
Wise, S. M., Thornes, J. B., Gilman, A. 1982: How old are the badlands? A case study from southeast Spain. Badland geomorphology and piping. Norwich.
Yair, A., Lavee, H., Bryan, R. B., Adar, E. 1980: Runoff and erosion processes and rates in the Zin valley badlands, northern Negev, Israel. Earth Surface Processes 5-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3760050301
Young, A. 1969: Present rate of land erosion. Nature 224. DOI: https://doi.org/doi:10.1038/224851a0
Young, A. 1974: The rate of slope retreat. Institue of British Geographers Special Publication 7. Oxford.
Young, A., Saunders, I. 1986: Surface processes and denudation. Hillslope Processes. Boston.
Zorn, M. 2007: Ali se zavedamo hitrosti erozijskih procesov - primer iz slovenske Istre. Dela 28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4312/dela.28.13.183-195
Zorn, M. 2008a: Erozijski procesi v slovenski Istri. Ljubljana.
Zorn, M. 2008b: Nekaj načinov preučevanja erozijskih procesov. Geografski vestnik 80-1.
Zorn, M. 2008c: Erozijski procesi v hrvaškem delu »Sive Istre«. Geografski vestnik 80-2.
Zorn, M. 2009: Erosion processes in Slovene Istria, Part 2: Badlands. Acta geographica Slovenica 49-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS49203
Zorn, M. 2010: Erozijski procesi – ali se zavedamo njihove hitrosti? Od razumevanja do upravljanja. Ljubljana.
Zorn, M. 2012: Geomorphic activity in flysch badlands of the Istria peninsula (SW Slovenia). Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 56-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1127/0372-8854/2012/S-00104
Zorn, M. 2015: Erozija prsti - prezrt okoljski problem. Geografski obzornik 63, 2-3.
Zorn, M., Komac, B. 2005: Erozija prsti na kmetijskih zemljiščih v Sloveniji. Ujma 19.
Zorn, M., Komac, B. 2011: The Importance of Measuring Erosion Processes on the Example of Slovenia. Hrvatski geografski glasnik 73-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21861/hgg.2011.73.02.02
Zorn, M., Mikoš, M. 2008: Rockwall retreat on badlands in Slovene Istria. Geologija 51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5474/geologija.2008.012
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Gregor Kovačič
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.