Mešane migracije po talibanskem prevzemu oblasti v Afganistanu: zmogljivosti države in percepcije javnosti v Bolgariji
Ključne besede:
begunci, prosilci za azil, migracije, oboroženi spopadi, lokalne percepcije, AfganistanPovzetek
Cilj prispevka je analizirati odnos prebivalcev Bolgarije do prišlekov ter zmožnosti Republike Bolgarije za upravljanje mešanih migracij v okoliščinah talibanskega prevzema oblasti v Afganistanu. V ta namen je bila opravljena raziskava javnega mnenja v mestih Harmanli in Sofija, v katerih se nahajajo štirje izmed petih centrov za registracijo in sprejem migrantov v Bolgariji. Avtorja argumentirata, da vzroki za težave države pri spoprijemanju s povečanim prihodom migrantov in njihovo potencialno integracijo ležijo predvsem v dozdevnem zavračanju države, da bi pri tem zavzela proaktivno držo, ter v pomanjkanju komunikacije z lokalnim prebivalstvom, zlasti na območjih, kjer se nahajajo centri za registracijo in sprejem.
Prenosi
Literatura
Batha, Emma, Saif, Shadi Khan (2021). As women flee Afghanistan, brain drain hits economy and girls’ hopes. Reuters, 19.10. 2021 https://www.reuters.com/article/afghanistan-women-brain-drain-idUSL8N2R23L2 (8. 12. 2021).
Bauman, Zygmunt (2016). Strangers at Our Door. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Brown, Elinor, Krasteva, Anna, eds. (2013). Migrants and refugees: equitable education for displaced populations. Charlotte: Information Age Publishing.
Camarata, Steven, Zeigler, Karen (2021). Immigrant Population Hits Record 46.2 Million in November 2021. Center for Immigration Studies, 20. 12. 2021, https://cis.org/Camarota/Immigrant-Population-Hits-Record-462-Million-November-2021 (11. 1. 2022).
Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria (2017). Government Management Programme of the Republic of Bulgaria for the period 2017–2021 (in Bulgarian), https://www.strategy.bg/StrategicDocuments/View.aspx?lang=bg-BG&Id=1240 (11. 1. 2022).
Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria (2018). Aktualiziranata Strategia za natsionalna sigurnost na Republika Bulgaria [Updated National Security Strategy], https://www.strategy.bg/StrategicDocuments/View.aspx?Id=671 (11. 10. 2021).
Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria (2021). Prime Minister Yanev: Cabinet decides to grant asylum to maximum 70 Afghan citizens who have worked for Bulgaria. 25 August, https://www.gov.bg/en/Press-center/News/Prime-Minister-Yanev-Cabinet-decides-to-grant-asylum-to-maximum-70-Afghan-citizens-who-have-worked-for-Bulgaria (11. 12. 2021).
CSD (2015). Radicalisation in Bulgaria: Threats and Trends, https://csd.bg/publications/publication/radicalisation-in-bulgaria-threats-and-trends (11. 1. 2022).
Dimitriadi, Angeliki (2017). Irregular Afghan Migration to Europe: At the Margins, Looking In. New York: Springer.
Elliott, Doreen, Segal, Uma A, eds. (2012). Refugees Worldwide. Westport: Praeger.
Erolova, Yelis (2017). Bulgaria: Between Opened and Closed Doors.” Uludağ University Faculty of Arts and Sciences Journal of Social Sciences 18/33, 359–378. https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.292481.
European Asylum Support Office (2021). ASO Asylum Report 2021, https://euaa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EASO-Asylum-Report-2021.pdf (2. 1. 2022).
European Commission (2021). Residence permits - statistics on first permits issued during the year, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Residence_permits_-_statistics_on_first_permits_issued_during_the_year&oldid=507019 (11. 1. 2022).
European Commission (n.d.). Governance of migrant integration in Bulgaria, https://ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/country-governance/governance/bulgaria_en (12. 12. 2021).
Iliev, Stana (2017). Private sector engagement in the employment of beneficiaries of international protection, 26. 4. 2017, https://ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/library-document/bulgaria-private-sector-engagement-employment-beneficiaries-international_en (21. 7. 2022).
International Organization for Migration (2019). Setting-up a road map for mixed migration in West and North Africa: High-level Expert Meeting. https://rodakar.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl696/files/documents/iom_2019_setting-up-a-road-map-for-mixed-migration_west-and-northern-africa-1_0.pdf (16. 7. 2022).
Krasteva, Anna (2021). Bulgaria. in Baglioni S., Caputo M. L., Laine J., Membretti A. (eds.). The impact of social and economic policies on migrants in Europe, MATILDE Deliverable 3.1 and 4.1, January. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4483950.
Kukutschka, Roberto Martinez B/Transparency International (2021). Global Corruption Barometer European Union 2021. Citizens’ Views and Experiences of Corruption. https://www.transparency.org/en/gcb/eu/european-union-2021 (3. 12. 2021).
Kyuchukov, Lyubomir (2016). Impact of the refugee crisis on Bulgarian society and politics: Fears but no hatred. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/sofia/12570.pdf (10. 11. 2021).
Lieven, Anatol (2021). The Coming Afghan Refugee Crisis Is Only a Preview. Foreign Policy, 13 August. https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/08/13/the-coming-afghan-refugee-crisis-is-only-a-preview (12. 12. 2021).
Linde, Thomas (2011). Mixed migration–A humanitarian counterpoint. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 30(1): 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdq044.
Loft, Philip (2021). Afghanistan: Refugees and displaced people in 2021. House of Commons. Research Briefing. https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9296/CBP-9296.pdf (7. 1. 2022).
Mesovic, Bernd, Pichl, Max (2017). Afghanistan: No Safe Country for Refugees: an investigation into the country’s political and economic situation, its internal security and the situation of refugees. Pro Asyl, May 2017, https://www.proasyl.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/PRO_ASYL_Afghanistan_Broschuere_englisch_web_Mai17.pdf.
Mihaylova-Garnizova, Raynichka, Garnizov, Vasil (2018). Refugee Crisis As a Potential
Threat to Public Health. Defence Against Bioterrorism. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series A: Chemistry and Biology (eds. V. Radosavljevic, I. Banjari, G. Belojevic). Dordrecht: Springer, 25–42.. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1263-5_4.
Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Bulgaria (2021a). Mesechna informatsia otnosno migratsionnata obstanovka v Republika Bulgaria za dekemvri 2021 [Migration statistics: Monthly report for December 2021]. https://www.mvr.bg/docs/default-source/planiraneotchetnost/spravka_december_2021_internet.pdf?sfvrsn=8037ab62_2 (1. 2. 2022).
Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Bulgaria (2021b). MVR poema upravlenie varhu inzhenernoto saorazhenie ot vazprepyatstvasht tip po balgaro-turskata granitsa [The Ministry of the Interior is taking over the management of the engineering facility of an obstructive type along the Bulgarian-Turkish border]. [Video]. Youtube.com. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ma0eGvFgMoA.
Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Bulgaria (2022). Statisticheski danni [Statistical data]. https://www.mvr.bg/sdvr/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8/%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B8-%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8/default (11. 2.2022).
Miroff, Nick (2021). Border arrests have soared to all-time high, new CBP data shows. The Washington Post, 20 October. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/border-arrests-record-levels-2021/2021/10/19/289dce64-3115-11ec-a880-a9d8c009a0b1_story.html (12. 12. 2021).
Nakova, Albena (2021). The Refugee Challenge: State Policy and Social Attitudes in Bulgaria. Research Result. Sociology and management 7(1), 128–139. https://doi.org/10.18413/2408-9338-2021-7-1-0-10.
Nancheva, Nevena (2016). Bulgaria’s response to refugee migration: institutionalizing the boundary of exclusion. in Special Issue Editors: Birgit Glorius and Jeroen Doomernik. Journal of Refugee Studies, 29(4), 549–567. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/few034.
National Council on Migration, Borders, Asylum and Integration (2008). National strategy of the Republic of Bulgaria for Migration and Integration 2008–2015. https://ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/library-document/national-strategy-migration-and-integration-2008-2015_en (16. 12. 2020).
National Council on Migration, Borders, Asylum and Integration (2021). National strategy on migration of the Republic of Bulgaria 2021–2025, https://ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/library-document/national-strategy-migration-republic-bulgaria-2021-2025_en (11. 1. 2021).
National Council on Migration Policy (2011). National Strategy on Migration, Asylum and Integration (2011–2020). https://www.strategy.bg/StrategicDocuments/View.aspx?lang=bg-BG&Id=679 (7. 2. 2022).
National Statistical Institute (2022). National Register of Populated Places: Information for the population of town of Harmanli. https://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/show9.php?sid=4927&ezik=en (2. 2. 2022).
Nimkar, Ruta, Frouws, Bram (2018). Split Loyalties: Mixed Migration and the Diaspora Connection. RMSS Discussion Paper 4: December 2017. https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/023_split-loyalties.pdf.
Osborn, Andrew, Antonov, Dmitry (2021). Russia floats idea of EU paying Belarus to stop migrant flows. Reuters, 9. 11. 2021, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-floats-idea-eu-paying-belarus-stop-migrant-flows-2021-11-09 (16. 11. 2021).
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (2016). Bulgarian PM: Some 300 migrants arrested after refugee camp riot, 25. 11. 2016, https://www.rferl.org/a/bugaria-migrants-arrested-riots-refugee-camp/28138549.html (25. 1. 2022).
Sayed, Nasrat, Sadat, Fahim, Khan, Hamayun (2021). Will the Taliban’s Takeover Lead to a New Refugee Crisis from Afghanistan? Migration Policy Institute, 2. 9. 2021, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/taliban-takeover-new-refugee-crisis-afghanistan (9. 12. 2021).
State Agency for Refugees with the Council of Ministers (2022). Statistics and reports. https://www.aref.government.bg/en/node/238 (3. 2. 2022).
The Economic Times (2021). All achievements of last 20 years lost; painful to leave country: Afghan lawmaker, 22. 8. 2021, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/all-achievements-of-last-20-years-lost-painful-to-leave-country-afghan-lawmaker/articleshow/85533502.cms (12. 12. 2021).
UNHCR (2016). The 10-Point Plan in Action, 2016 – Glossary, December 2016, https://www.refworld.org/docid/59e99eb94.html (16. 7. 2022).
UNHCR (2020). Public attitudes towards refugees and asylum seekers in Bulgaria 2019-2020. 11 November. https://ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/library-document/public-attitudes-towards-refugees-and-asylum-seekers-bulgaria-2019-2020_en (12. 12. 2021).
UNHCR (2021). Europe Situations: Data and Trends - arrivals and displaced populations. https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/89302 (11. 11. 2021).
United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (2021). UN and humanitarian partners scale up life-saving response to crisis in Afghanistan and call on all donors to urgently turn pledges into reality. https://unama.unmissions.org/un-and-humanitarian-partners-scale-life-saving-response-crisis-afghanistan-and-call-all-donors (26. 11. 2021).
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019: Highlights, https://www.ined.fr/fichier/s_rubrique/29368/wpp2019_10.key.findings_embargoed.version.en.pdf (13. 11. 2021).
Villa, Matteo (2021). Migranti e profughi afghani: quello che l’Europa dovrebbe fare. ISPI. 18 August. https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/migranti-e-profughi-afghani-quello-che-leuropa-dovrebbe-fare-31374 (26. 11. 2021).
World Food Programme (2021). Educated urban Afghans are new face of hunger as jobs and incomes dry up. 22 September, https://www.wfp.org/news/educated-urban-afghans-are-new-face-hunger-jobs-and-incomes-dry (24. 10. 2021).
Prenosi
Objavljeno
Kako citirati
Številka
Rubrike
Licenca
To delo je licencirano pod Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva-Nekomercialno-Brez predelav 4.0 mednarodno licenco.
Avtorji jamčijo, da je delo njihova avtorska stvaritev, da v njem niso kršene avtorske pravice tretjih oseb ali kake druge pravice. V primeru zahtevkov tretjih oseb se avtorji zavezujejo, da bodo varovali interese založnika ter da bodo povrnili morebitno škodo.
Podrobneje v rubriki: Prispevki
