Advertisements in Dictionaries for Slovenian Immigrants to the United States at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3986/dd/2026.2.3Keywords:
Slovenian immigrants to the United States, immigrant dictionary, advertisements, cultural identity, immigrant identityAbstract
Immigrant dictionaries are intended for immigrants in a new cultural context; they contain specialized lemmas and information targeted at immigrants’ specific needs. Advertisements in such dictionaries both address the new cultural reality and help shape immigrants’ cultural identity. This article analyzes advertisements in two dictionaries for the Slovenian–English language pair. The advertisements promote bankers and notaries, newspapers, publishing houses, and steamship companies, and they reflect immigrants’ acculturation process. They are often targeted to users’ interests in ways that are comparable to the personalization found in many of today’s online dictionaries.
Downloads
References
Amerikanski Slovenec. (1912, 23. avgust). 21(38). Edinost Publishing. http://www.dlib.si/?URN=URN:NBN:SI:DOC-IHI2KR0L
Ameriška domovina. (1919, 5. december). 22(141). J. Debevec. http://www.dlib.si/?URN=URN:NBN:SI:DOC-PQH4XRJI
Ameriška domovina. (1921, 15. april). 24(44). J. Debevec. http://www.dlib.si/?URN=URN:NBN:SI:DOC-ED3JVZSY
Arnež, J. (b. d.). Slovenska župnija sv. Cirila v New Yorku. http://www.slovenskacerkev-ny.si/uploads/1/5/0/8/15080858/zgodovinahistory_80_obletnica.pdf
Bankrupt banker held for larceny. (1908, 18. julij). The New York Times. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/07/18/104740378.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0
Barth, F. (1969/1998). Introduction. V F. Barth (ur.), Ethnic groups and boundaries: The social organization of culture difference (str. 9–38). Waveland Press.
Bhugra, D. (2004). Migration, distress and cultural identity. British Medical Bulletin, 69, 129–141. https://www.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldh007
Blaj Hribar, N. (2016). »On bo seveda prihodnjič inseriral«: Oglaševanje v Slovenskem narodu in Slovencu na prelomu 19. in 20. stoletja. V A. Studen (ur.), Od prvih oglasov do interneta. K zgodovini oglaševanja na Slovenskem (str. 59–71). Zbirka Vpogledi. Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino. https://www.sistory.si/media/legacy/publikacije/43001-44000/43085/vpogledi_13-splet.pdf
Cook, G. (1992). The discourse of advertising. Routledge.
Dziemianko, A. (2020). Smart advertising and online dictionary usefulness. International Journal of Lexicography, 33(4), 377–403. https://www.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecaa017
Fegert, F. (2021). »You cannot imagine what it is like in America«: Emigration from the Bavarian forest in Germany to the United States from 1841 to 1931. Lichtland.
Fjeld, R. V. (2012). Et forsømt kapittel i leksikografiens historie: Leachman’s Norsk-Engelsk Lomme-Ordbog/Norwegian-English pocket dictionary. Norsk Lingvistisk Tidsskrift, 30(2), 151–164. https://ojs.novus.no/index.php/NLT/article/view/205
Gibson, M. A. (2001). Immigrant adaptation and patterns of acculturation. Human Development, 44, 19–23.
Granatir Alexander, J. (2009). Daily life in immigrant America, 1870–1920: How the second great wave of immigrants made their way in America. Ivan R. Dee.
Grønvik, O. (2016). The lexicography of Norwegian. V P. Hanks & G.-M. de Schryver (ur.), International handbook of modern lexis and lexicography (str. 1–34). Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45369-4_44-1
Hancher, M. (2015). Advertisements in dictionaries. V Conference Handbook: DSNA-20 & SHEL-9 dual conference (str. 49). University of British Columbia. https://events.arts.ubc.ca/dsna-20&shel-9/lib/pdf/DSNA-SHEL_handbook.pdf
Jahresbericht des k. k. Staats – Obergymnasiums (1893). K. k. Staats – Obergymnasiums. http://www.dlib.si/?URN=URN:NBN:SI:DOC-BBTMUOYZ
Jeram, P. J. (1895). Slovensko-angleška slovnica. Amerikanski Slovenec.
Kadak, P. K. (1905a). Praktičný slovensko-anglický tlumač. The practical Slovak American interpreter. Slovák v Amerike.
Kadak, P. K. (1905b). Praktičný slovensko-anglický tlumač. The practical Slovak American interpreter. G. Klein & Son.
Kavanagh, K. (2000). Words in a cultural context? Lexikos, 10, 99–118. https://doi.org/10.5788/10-0-889
Kern, F. J. (1919). A complete pronouncing dictionary of the English and Slovene languages for general use. Popoln angleško-slovenski besednjak z angleško izgovarjavo. Tisk ameriške domovine.
Klemenčič, M. (1995). Slovenes of Cleveland. The creation of a new nation and a new world community Slovenia and the Slovenes of Cleveland Ohio. Dolenjska založba.
Klemenčič, M. (2001). Slovenske naselbine v Združenih državah Amerike. Drevesa, 8(3), 18–23.
Klemenčič, M. (2002). Slovenes in Cleveland. V D. C. Hammack, D. L. Grabowski & J. J. Grabowski (ur.), Identity, conflict, & cooperation: Central Europeans in Cleveland, 1850–1930 (str. 307–344). The Western Reserve Historical Society.
Košutnik, S. (1912). Ročni slovensko-angleški in angleško-slovenski slovar: Zlasti namenjen izseljencem v Ameriko. Anton Turk.
Kraljic Curran, F. (1989). Ethnic entrepreneur: Frank Zotti (1872‒1947): A Croatian immigrant success story. Migracijske i etničke teme, 5(1), 59–66. https://hrcak.srce.hr/127985
Kristan, C. A. (2013). Sakser, Frank (1859–1937). V Slovenska biografija. ZRC SAZU. http://www.slovenska-biografija.si/oseba/sbi532721/#slovenski-biografski-leksikon Prvotno objavljeno v A. Gspan et al. (ur.). (1960). Slovenski biografski leksikon: zv. 9, Raab– Schmid. SAZU.
Kubelka, V. J. (1904). Slovenian-English pocket dictionary to facilitate the study of both languages. Slovensko-angleški žepni rečnik v olajšavo naučenja obeh jezikov. New York. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t4qj8p
&view=1up&seq
Kubelka, V. J. (1912a). Slovensko-angleški razgovori. Slovenian-English interpreter. Press of Stettiner Bros. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433021125889
Kubelka, V. J. (1912b). Slovensko-angleška slovnica, tolmač, spisovnik in navodilo za naturalizacijo. Angleško-slovenski in slovensko-angleški slovar. Slovenian-English grammar, interpreter, letterwriter and information on naturalization. English-Slovenian and Slovenian-English dictionary. Prva izdaja/First edition. Viktor J. Kubelka.
Marriage licenses. (1905, 26. september). The Inter Ocean (Chicago). str. 10. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:N7D4-DWG
McConchie, R. W. (2024). Dictionary preterition: Promotional dictionaries to serve the greater good. Dictionaries, 45(1), 71–103.
Narodni vestnik = National herald. (b. d.). Library of Congress. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84024585
Perruchoud, R. (ur.). (2004). International migration law: Glossary on migration. International Organization for Migration. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_1_en.pdf
Pletikosić, I. (2006). Revizije popisa prebivalstva Trsta iz leta 1910. Annales. Ser. hist. sociol., 16(2), 477–482.
Pogačar, T. (2023). Literarni prevodi spodbujajo izobraževanje skupnosti priseljencev: časopis Prosveta in primerjave s češko-ameriškimi časopisi. Dve domovini / Two Homelands, 57, 91–108. https://doi.org/10.3986/dd.2023.1.05
Pope, D. (2003). Making sense of advertisements. History Matters: The U.S. Survey Course on the Web.
Richter, H. (b. d.). Austro-Americana line. The Austrian press and information service in the United States, Embassy of Austria. https://www.austria.org/austro-americana
Schwartz, S. J., Montgomery, M. J., & Briones, E. (2006). The role of identity in acculturation among immigrant people. Human Development, 49(1), 1–30. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26763865
Slovenec: političen list za slovenski narod. (1911, 31. maj). 39(124). Ljudska tiskarna. https://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:doc-EAUX7MOE
Slovenec: političen list za slovenski narod. (1935, 13. avgust). 58(184a). Ljudska tiskarna. http://www.dlib.si/?URN=URN:NBN:SI:DOC-K556PW8G
Slovenski narod. (1903, 16. junij). 36(136). Narodna tiskarna. http://www.dlib.si/?URN=URN:NBN:SI:DOC-7OKM5NQF
Stanonik, J. (1997). Slovenci v Clevelandu. Zgodovinski časopis, 51, 21–32. http://www.dlib.si/?URN=URN:NBN:SI:doc-FPO9TPUY
Taschen-Wörterbuch Für Deutsch Sprechende Immigranten (b. d.). Percival Publishing Co. Pty Ltd. https://www.germanaustralia.com/d/d-diction60.htm
Vacalopoulou, A., Giouli, V., Giagkou, M., & Efthimiou, E. (2011). Online dictionaries for immigrants in Greece: Overcoming the communication barriers. V I. Kosem & K. Kosem (ur.), Electronic lexicography in the 21st century: New applications for new users, Proceedings of eLex 2011, 10–12 November 2011, Bled, Slovenia (str. 274–279). Trojina, Institute for Applied Slovene Studies.
Vestergaard, T., & Schrøder, K. (1985). The language of advertising. Basil Blackwell Publisher Ltd.
Vrbinc, M., Farina, D. M. T. Cr., & Vrbinc, A. (2024). Oris slovarjev in priročnikov za učenje angleščine slovenskih izseljencev v ZDA v obdobju 1895–1919. Dve domovini / Two Homelands, 59, 179–202. https://doi.org/10.3986/2024.1.10
Vrbinc, A., Vrbinc, M., & Farina, D. M. T. Cr. (2025). “For the benefit of my countrymen”: Cultural context and lemma choice in early 20th-century dictionaries for immigrants. International Journal of Lexicography, 38(3), 238–256.
Williamson, J. (1985). Decoding advertisements: Ideology and meaning in advertising. Boyars.
Xue, M., & Tarp, S. (2018). Towards Chinese learner‘s dictionaries for foreigners living in China: Some problems related to lemma selection. Lexikos, 28(1), 384–404.
Zotti charges conspiracy. (1908, 19. julij). The New York Times. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/07/19/104741018.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0
Župnija Sv. Petra v Ljubljani. (1877–1884). Rojstna in krstna knjiga (Geburts- und Tauf-Buch) (Signatura 03985). Nadškofijski arhiv Ljubljana. https://data.matricula-online.eu/sl/slovenia/ljubljana/ljubljana-sv-peter/03985/?pg=110
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors guarantee that the work is their own original creation and does not infringe any statutory or common-law copyright or any proprietary right of any third party. In case of claims by third parties, authors commit their self to defend the interests of the publisher, and shall cover any potential costs.
More in: Submission chapter
