Deciphering the water balance of poljes: example of Planinsko Polje (Slovenia)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v51i2.11029Ključne besede:
polje flooding, water balance, automatic monitoring, Dinaric karst, numerical modellingPovzetek
Poljes are flat closed karst depressions prone to regular flooding. The floods can be several meters high, last for months and damage significantly human infrastructures. To predict the maximum level reached, the polje water balance needs to be implemented. This technique encounters the difficulty that important part of the inflow and outflow flowing through many poljes is ungauged, as it is challenging to measure accurately the numerous springs and ponors activating temporarily with the rise of water level. This work aims to see whether this problem can be handled and the polje water balance reconstituted. To do so, a typical Dinaric polje is equipped with several water level stations installed over its surface and in the nearby water active caves. Combining a 1*1m digital elevation model of the polje surface with water levels and inflow records of the main two springs allowed assessing the variation of flooded volume and reconstructing the water balance. The highest total inflow values reached during the observed period were of about 140-150 m3/s, with up to a third of it being ungauged. In addition, the effect of a large estavelles group on the polje inflow and outflow could be identified, and helped to characterize the outflow, with values comprised between 65 and 75 m3/s. Finally, intense rainfall over the polje flooded surface showed to be a temporary important source of inflow. The values found by the water balance analysis have been used as input and calibration data in a numerical model reproducing the flood dynamics in the polje and its surrounding aquifer. Results validated both polje water balance and conceptual hydrogeological model. They justify the significance of combining water level measurements with a digital elevation model to monitor the floods. The method can be applied to other poljes flooding in a complex way of superposed input and output signals. Finally, the places to be equipped in priority if the polje has no measurement network or if available funding is limited are discussed.
Prenosi
Literatura
References
Anderson, M.P., Woessner, W.W., Hunt, R.J., 2015. Applied Groundwater Modeling. Simulation of Flow and Advective Transport. Second Edition. Academic Press.
ARSO, 2022a. Archive of hydrological data. Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning, Slovenian Environment Agency. Available online: http://vode.arso.gov.si/hidarhiv/.
ARSO, 2022b. Lidar data network. Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning, Slovenian Environment Agency. Available online: https://gis.arso.gov.si.
Blatnik, M., Frantar, P., Kosec, D., Gabrovšek, F., 2017. Measurements of the outflow along the eastern border of Planinsko Polje, Slovenia. Acta Carsologica 46 (1), 83–93. doi: 10.3986/ac.v46i1.4774.
Blatnik, M., Mayaud, C., Gabrovšek, F., 2019. Groundwater dynamics between Planinsko Polje and springs of the Ljubljanica River, Slovenia. Acta Carsologica, 48 (2), 199–226. doi: 10.3986/ac.v48i2.7263
Blatnik, M., Mayaud, C., Gabrovšek, F., 2020. Supplement to the paper “Groundwater dynamics between Planinsko Polje and springs of the Ljubljanica River, Slovenia” from Blatnik et al. (2019) published in Acta Carsologica 48/2. Acta Carsologica 49 (1), 143-147. doi: 0.3986/ac.v49i1.8721.
Bonacci, O., 1987. Karst hydrology: with special reference to the Dinaric karst. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-83165-2.
Bonacci, O., 2013. Poljes, ponors and their catchments. In: Shroder, J. (Editor in Chief), Frumkin, A. (Ed.), Treatise on Geomorphology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, vol. 6, Karst Geomorphology, 112–120. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374739-6.00103-2.
Duran, L., Gill, L., 2021. Modeling spring flow of an Irish karst catchment using Modflow-USG with CLN. J. Hydrol. 597 125971. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.125971.
Ford, D., Williams, P., 2007. Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p 562.
Frantar, P., Ulaga, F., 2015. Visoke vode Planinskega polja leta 2014. Ujma, 29, 66–73.
Gabrovšek, F., Kogovšek, J., Kovačič, G., Petrič, M., Ravbar, N. & J. Turk, 2010: Recent results of tracer test in the catchment of the Unica River (SW Slovenia).- Acta Carsologica, 39, 1, 27-37. DOI: 10.3986/ac.v39i1.110
Gabrovšek, F., Peric, B. & G. Kaufmann, 2018: Hydraulics of epiphreatic flow of a karst aquifer, Slovenia-Italy.- Journal of Hydrology, 560, 56-74. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.03.019
Gams, I., 1981. Poplave na Planinskem Polju. Geografski Zbornik XX.
Gill, L.W., Naughton, O., Johnston, P., 2013. Modelling a network of turloughs in lowland karst. Water Resour. Res. 49 (6), 3487–3503. doi:10.1002/wrcr.20299.
Gill, L.W., Schuler, P., Duran, L., Morrissey, P., Johnston, P.M., 2021. An evaluation of semidistributed-pipe-network and distributed-finite-difference models to simulate karst systems. Hydrogeology Journal 29:259–279. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02241-8.
Gospodarič, R., Habič, P., 1976. Underground water tracing. Investigations in Slovenia 1972–1975. Institute for Karst Research, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Jelovčan, M., Žigon, T., Brenčič, M., 2021. Zgodovina in rekonstrukcija meritev vodostajev na Planinskem polju - History and reconstruction of water level measurements on the Planinsko polje, Geografski vestnik 93/1. doi: https://doi.org/10.3986/GV93103.
Jenko, F., 1959. Hidrogeologija in vodno gospodarstvo krasa. Državna založba Slovenije. Ljubljana.
Kogovšek, B., 2022. Characterization of a karst aquifer in the recharge area of Malenščica and Unica springs based on spatial and temporal variations of natural tracers.- PhD thesis. University of Nova Gorica, pp. 242.
Kovačič, G., 2010. An attempt towards an assessment of the Cerknica Polje water balance. Acta Carsologica 39 (1), 39-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/ac.v39i1.111.
Kovačič, G., Ravbar, N., 2010. Extreme hydrological events in karst areas of Slovenia, the case of the Unica River basin. Geodinamica Acta 23 (1-3), 89-100. doi: 10.3166/ga.23.89-100.
López-Chicano, M., Calvache, M.L., Martín-Rosales, W., Gisbert. J., 2002. Conditioning factors in flooding of karstic poljes - the case of the Zafarraya polje (South Spain). Catena 49, 331– 352.
Lučić, I., 2014. General aspects of the Karst Poljes of the Dinaric Karst. In: Sackl P., Durst R., Kotrošan, D., Stumberger, B., 2014. Dinaric Karst Poljes - Floods for Life. EuroNatur, Radolfzell. ISBN 978-3-00-045287-1.
Mayaud, C., Gabrovšek, F., Blatnik, M., Kogovšek, B., Petrič, M. & N. Ravbar, 2019: Understanding flooding in poljes: a modelling perspective. J. Hydrol. 575, 874-889. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.04.092
McCormack, T., O’Connell, Y., Daly, E., Gill, L.W., Henry, T., Perriquet, M., 2017. Characterisation of karst hydrogeology in Western Ireland using geophysical and hydraulic modelling techniques. J. Hydrol.: Regional Studies 10. 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2016.12.083.
Mihevc, A., Zupan Hajna, N., Prelovšek, M., 2010. Case studies from the Dinaric Karst of Slovenia. In: Mihevc, A., Prelovšek, M., Zupan Hajna, N., (Eds.) 2010. Introduction to the Dinaric Karst. Karst Research Institute at ZRC SAZU, Postojna. ISBN 978-961-254-198-9.
Milanović, P., 2004. Water resources engineering in Karst. CRC Press. Boca Raton.
Morrissey, P.J., McCormack, T., Naughton, O., Johnston, P.M., Gill, L.W., 2020. Modelling groundwater flooding in a lowland karst catchment. J. Hydrol. 580, 124361. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124361.
Morrissey, P., Nolan, P., McCormack, T., Johnston, P., Naughton, O., Bhatnagar, S., and Gill, L., 2021. Impacts of climate change on groundwater flooding and ecohydrology in lowland karst, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1923–1941. doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1923-2021.
Myhre, G., Alterskjær, K., Stjern, C.W.,. Hodnebrog, Ø., Marelle, L., Samset, B.H., Sillmann, J., Schaller, N., Fischer, E., Schulz, M,. Stohl, A., 2019. Frequency of extreme precipitation increases extensively with event rareness under global warming. Sci Rep 9, 16063 (2019). doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52277-4.
Naughton, O., Johnston, P.M., Gill, L.W., 2012. Groundwater flooding in Irish karst: The hydrological characterization of ephemeral lakes (turloughs). J. Hydrol. 470–471, 82–97. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.08.012.
Nash, J.E., Sutcliffe, J.V., 1970. River flow forecasting through conceptual models, part I: a discussion of principles. J. Hydrol. 10, 282–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022- 1694(70)90255-6.
Pagnozzi, M., Coletta, G., Leone, G., Catani, V., Esposito, L., Fiorillo, F., 2020. A Steady-State Model to Simulate Groundwater Flow in Unconfined Aquifer. Applied Sciences. 10(8), 2708. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/app10082708.
Putick, W., 1889. Die hydrologischen Geheimnisse des Karstes und seine unterirdischen Wasserläufe: auf Grundlage der neuesten hydrotechnischen Forschungen. Himmel und Erde.
Ravbar, N., 2008. Naravne in ekološke nesreče na Krasu. In: Zorn, M., Komac, B., Pavšek, M., Pagon, P., (Eds.) 2008: Naravne nesreče v Sloveniji : zbornik povzetkov : 1. trienalni znanstveni posvet, Ig (Izobraževalni center za zaščito in reševanje Republike Slovenije). Ljubljana: Založba ZRC. p. 39
Ravbar, N., 2013: Variability of groundwater flow and transport processes in karst under different hydrologic conditions.- Acta Carsologica, 42, 2-3, 327-338. DOI: 10.3986/ac.v42i2.644.
Ravbar, N., Petrič, M., Kogovšek, B., Blatnik, M., Mayaud, C., 2018. High waters study of a Classical Karst polje – An example of the Planinsko Polje, SW Slovenia. Symposium Karst 2018 – Expect the Unexpected. Proceedings, 417-424. Trebinje. ISBN 978-86-735-325-5.
Ravbar, N., Mayaud, C., Blatnik, M., Petrič, M., 2021. Determination of inundation areas within karst poljes and intermittent lakes for the purposes of ephemeral flood mapping. Hydrogeology Journal, 29 (1), 213-228. doi: 10.1007/s10040-020-02268-x.
Schuler, P., Stoeckl, L., Schnegg, P.A., Bunce, C., Gill, L., 2020. A combined-method approach to trace submarine groundwater discharge from a coastal karst aquifer in Ireland. Hydrogeology Journal, 28, 561-577. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-02082-0.
Stepišnik, U., Ferk, M., Gostinčar, P., Černuta, L., 2012. Holocene high floods on the Planina Polje, Classical Dinaric Karst, Slovenia. Acta Carsologica 41 (1), 5-13. doi: https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v41i1.44.
Šušteršič, F., 2002. Where does Underground Ljubljanica Flow? RMZ Materials and Geoenvironment, 49 (1), 61-84.
Tabari, H., 2020. Climate change impact on flood and extreme precipitation increases with water availability. Sci Rep 10, 13768 (2020). doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70816-2.
Tramblay, Y., Somot, S., 2018. Future evolution of extreme precipitation in the Mediterranean. Climatic Change 151:289–302. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2300-5.
Turk, J., 2010. Dynamics of underground water in the karst catchment area of the Ljubljanica springs. Založba ZRC, Ljubljana 136 p. ISBN 978-961-254-233-7 (Carsologica 11).
Worthington, S.R.H., 2009. Diagnostic hydrogeologic characteristics of a karst aquifer (Kentucky,USA). Hydrogeology Journal 17 (7), 1665–1678. doi: 10.1007/s10040-009-0489-0.
Worthington, S.R.H., Smart, C.C., Ruland, W., 2012. Effective porosity of a carbonate aquifer with bacterial contamination: Walkerton, Ontario, Canada. J. Hydrol. 464-465, 517-527. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.07.046.
Prenosi
Objavljeno
Verzije
- 2023-03-08 (2)
- 2023-02-16 (1)
Kako citirati
Številka
Rubrike
Licenca
To delo je licencirano pod Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva-Nekomercialno-Brez predelav 4.0 mednarodno licenco.
Avtorji jamčijo, da je delo njihova avtorska stvaritev, da v njem niso kršene avtorske pravice tretjih oseb ali kake druge pravice. V primeru zahtevkov tretjih oseb se avtorji zavezujejo, da bodo varovali interese založnika ter da bodo povrnili morebitno škodo.
Podrobneje v rubriki: Prispevki
