Delovne migracije Vzhod-Zahod in integracija: trendi in izgledi za zdravstvene delavce
Povzetek
Svoboda gibanja ljudi je bila predmet razprav med EU in novimi potencialnimi članicami. Začasne delovne pogodbe za delavce iz Srednje in Vzhodne Evrope (CEE) so bile na voljo že vse od kasnih osemdesetih let. Ta ponudba odpira legalno pot v trg delovne sile držav EU za priseljence iz držav CEE v obdobju tranzicije. To poglavje raziskuje različne faktorje in procese, ki vplivajo na profesionalno vključevanje zdravstvenih delavcev iz Češke, Poljske v Veliki Britaniji in Nemčiji. Njihov sedanji in potencialni zaposlitveni položaj je obravnavan v odnosu na povpraševanje ter ponudbo za takšnimi zaposlitvami, legalni okvir tega trga dela, uvajanje v samo delo in proces reguliranja takšnih procesov ter profesionalno vlogo in delovno organizacijo v njem. V poglavju se napoveduje, da bo povpraševanje po specialni kvalifikaciji in visoki izobrazbi pri delu v mnogih državah EU lahko vodila v širitev zaposlitvenih priložnosti za priseljence iz držav CCE v naslednjih letih. Zagovarja se stališče večje konvergence pri izdajanju dovoljenj začasnih zaposlitev med državami članicami EU, v prid pridobivanja višje stopnje zaščite zaposlenih in pravičnejše obravnave začasnih priseljencev s takšnimi delovnimi dovoljenji.
Prenosi
Literatura
Ackers L (1998) Shifting Spaces. The Policy Press, Bristol
Beishon S, Virdee S and Hagell A (1995) Nursing in a Multi-Ethnic NHS. Policy Studies Institute, London
Becker G (1996) ‘Berufsbildung fur expansive Beschaftigungsfelder’, in: Bentfsbildiing in Wissenschaft und Praxis, 25, 5: 5-7
Berlin A, Gill P, Eversley J (1997) ‘Refugee doctors in Britain: a wasted resource’, British Medical Journal, 315: 264-265.
Bernstein J H and Shuval J T (1995) ‘Occupational Continuity and Change among Immigrant Physicians from the Form er Soviet Union in Israel’, International Migration, XXXIII, 1: 3-29
Bird E (2000/2001) ‘NHS Plan - nurses really can make a difference ‘, RCNMagazine, W inter
Blaschke J (1992) ‘Gates of Immigration into the Federal Republic’, International Migration, XXXI, 2/3: 361-389
- (1994) ‘East-west migration in Europe and the role of international aid in reducing em igration’, in: Boehning and M-L Schloeter-Paredes (eds) Aid in Place o f Migration. International Labour Organisation, Geneva
Boeri T and Brticker H (2000) The Impact o f Eastern Enlargement on Employment and Labour Markets in the EU Member States. Final Report prepared for the Employm ent and Social Affairs D irectorate of the European Commission. European Integration Consortium : DIW, CEPR, FIEF, IAS, IGIER. Berlin and Milano
Buchner-Jeziorska A and Evetts J (1997) ‘Regulating Professionals. The Polish Example’, International Sociology, 12, 1: 61-72
Bundesarztekammer (2001) Arztliche Ausbildung in der Bttndesrepublik Deutschland (www.bundesaerztekammer.de)
Commission of the European Communities (1975a) Council Directive of 16 June 197 5 concerning the mutual recognition of diplomas, certificates and other evidence of formal qualifications in medicine, including measures to facilitate the effective exercise of the right of establishm ent and freedom to provide services. Official Journal o f the European Communities, No L 167, 30.6.75: 1-13
- (1975b) Council Directive of 16 June 1975 concerning the coordination of provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in respect of activities of doctors. Official Journal o f the European Communities, No L 167, 30.6.75: 14- 18
(1977a) Council Directive 77/452/EEC of 27 June 1977 concerning the mutual recognition of diplomas, certificates and other evidence of formal qualifications of nurses responsible for general care, including measures to facilitate the effective exercise of the right of establishm ent and freedom to provide services. Official Journal o f the European Communities, N o L 176, 15.7.77: 1-7
- (1977b) Council Directive 77/453/EEC of 27 June 1977 concerning the coordination of provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in respect of the activities of nurses responsible for general care. Official Journal o f the European Communities, No. L 176, 15.7.77: 8-10
- ( 1980a) Council Directive 80/ 154/EEC of 21 January 1980 concerning the mutual recognition o f diplomas, certificates and other evidence of formal qualifications in midwifery and including measures to facilitate the effective exercise of the right of establishm ent and freedom to provide services. Official Journal o f the European Communities, No. L 33, 11.2.80: 1-7
- ( 1980b) Council Directive 8 0 /155/EEC of 21 January 1980 concerning the coordination of provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action relating to the taking-up and pursuit of the activities o f midwives. Official Journal o f the European Communities, No. L 33, 11.2.80: 8-12
- (1986) Council Directive 86/457/EEC of 15 September on specific training in general medical practice. Official Journal o f the European Communities, No. L 267, 19.9.86: 26-30
- (1989a) Council Directive 89/594/EEC of 30 O ctober 1989 amending Directives 75/362/EEC , 77/452/EEC , 78/686/EEC , 78/686/EEC , 7 8 /1026/EEC and 80/ 154/EEC relating to the mutual recognition of diplomas, certificates and other evidence of formal qualifications as doctors, nurses responsible for general care, dental practitioners, veterinary surgeons and midwives, together with Directives 75/363/EEC , 7 8 /1027/EEC and 8 0 /155/EEC concerning the coordination of provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action relating to the activities of doctors, veterinary surgeons and midwives. Official Journal o f the European Communities, L 341, 23.11.89: 19-29
- ( 1989b) Council Directive 89/595/EEC of 10 October 1989 amending Directive 77/ 452/EEC concerning the mutual recognition of diplomas, certificates and other evidence of the formal qualifications of nurses responsible for general care, including measures to facilitate the effective exercise of the right of establishm ent and freedom to provide services, and amending Directive 77/453/EEC concerning the coordination of provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in respect of the activities of nurses responsible for general care. Official Journal o f the European Communities, L 341, 23.11.89: 30-32
- (1989c) Council Directive 89/48/EEC of 21 D ecem ber 1988 on a general system for the recognition of higher education diplomas awarded on completion of professional education and training of at least three years’ duration. Official Journal o f the European Commission, No L 19, 24.1.89: 16-23
- (1992) Council Directive 92/51/EEC of 18 June 1992 on a Second General System for the Recognition of Professional Education and Training to Supplement Directive 89/48/EEC. Official Journal o f the European Communities, No L 209, 24.7.92: 25-45
- (1993) Council Directive 9 3 /16/EEC of 5 April 1993 to facilitate the free movem ents of doctors and the mutual recognition o f their diplomas, certificates and other evidence of formal qualifications. Official Journal o f the European Communities, L 165, 7.7.93
- (2001) Communication from the Commission to the Council. New European Labour Markets, Open to All, with Access for All. COM (2001) yyy final. Brussels
Daniel P, Cham berlain A, G ordon F (2001) ‘Expectations and experiences of newly recruited Filipino nurses’, British Journal o f Nursing, 10, 4: 254-265.
Davies J (2000) ‘Finder, keepers’, Health Service Journal, 30 November: 24-29.
Deppe H-U and Oreskovic S (1996) ‘Back to Europe: Back to Bismarck?’, International Journal o f Health Services, 26, 4: 777-802
D ietrich H (1 9 9 5 ) ‘Pflege als B eru f’, M aterialien aus der Arbeitsm arkt- und Berufsforschttng, N o 1. In stitu t fn r A rb eitsm ark t- und B erufsforschung, Bundesanstaelt fnr Arbeit. Nnrnberg
D epartm ent of Health (1998) Health and Personal Social Services Statistics for England. HMSO, London
Dohler M (1997) Die Regulierung von Professionsgrenzen: Struktur und Entwicklungsdynamik von Gesundheitberufen im internationalen Vergleich. Campus, Frankfurt
Drbohlav D (1997) ‘M igration Policy Objectives for European East-West International M igration’, International Migration Review, 35, 1: 85-108
European Commission (2000) Study o f Specialist Nurses in Europe. M ARKT/D/8031/ 2000. Internal Market DG, Brussels
European Training Foundation (2001) Vocational education and training in Central and Eastern Europe. Key indicators - 2000. Office for the Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg
Findlay A M (1995) ‘Skilled Transients: The Invisible Phenom enon?’, in: Cohen R (ed) The Cambridge Survey o f World Migration. Cambridge University Press
Franzm eyer F and Briicker H (1997) ‘E uropaische Union: O sterw eiterung und Arbeitskraftem igration’, DlW-Wochenbericht, 5/97. Downloaded 16/02/01
Freidson E (1986) Professional Powers. University of Chicago Press, London
— (1994) Professionalism Reborn. Polity Press, Cambridge
Domagala A (2000) Public service reforms and their impact on health sector personnel. G erm an Foundation for International Development, Berlin
Gieseck A (1995) ‘Economic Implications of Migration into the Federal Republic of Germany, 1988-1992’, International Migration Review, XXIX, 3: 693-709
Grečič V (1993) ‘Mass migration from Eastern Europe: a challenge to the West?’, in: King R (ed) The New Geography o f European Migrations. Belhaven Press, London
Golini A, Bonifazi C and Righi A (1993) ‘A general framework for the European migration system in the 1990s’, in: King R (ed) The New Geography o f European Migrations. Belhaven Press, London
Gow D (2001) ‘Nurses ‘rescued’ from private care hom e’, The Guardian, 11.9.2001
Haase G (2001) D eutschlands »Green Card« - ein Jahr danach. Ursachen - Analysen - Perspektiven. Basis-Info 26. Goethe Institut, Inter Nationes, Bonn
Heidenreich R (2001) ‘Transnationale Arbeitsmarkte in West und Ost? Perspectiven beruflicher Migration im Zuge der Osterweiterung der EU ’, Sozialer Fortschritt, 50, 2: 41-45
Heitlinger A (1995) ‘Post-communist reform and the health professions. M edicine and nursing in the Czech Republic’, in: Johnson T, Larkin G and Saks M (eds) Health Professions and the State in Europe. Routledge, London and New York
— (1999) ‘Nurses and nursing: a comparative perspective’, Journal o f Interprofessional Care, 13, 2: 165-174
— (2000) ‘The Impact of Health Care Restructuring in Canada on Nursing as a Profession’. Paper presented at the 12th Annual Meeting of the Society for the Advancem ent of Socio-Economics, 7-10 July. London School of Economics, London.
Herbst U (1995) ‘Professionelle Pflege- eine Herausforderung fiir Schwesternschaften’, Pflegezeitschrift, 48, 3: 153-156
Higgins M and Dixon P (1992) ‘Skill Mix and the Effectiveness of Nursing’, Nursing Standard, 7, 4: 18-22
Hilbert C, Haak, C, Schom ann K (2000) ‘Qualifikationsbedarf in O ECD -Landern’, WZB-Mitteilungen, 87: 17-18
Honekopp E (1997) ‘Labour Migration to Germany from Central and Eastern Europe - Old and New Trends’, IAB Labour Market Research Topics 23. Institut fiir Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung der Bundesanstalt fiir Arbeit, Niirnberg
Honekopp E and W erner H (2000) ‘Eastward Enlargement of the European Union: a Wave of Im m igration?’, IAB Labour Market Research Topics 40. Institut fiir Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung der Bundesanstalt fiir Arbeit, Niirnberg
H orm uth S E (1998) ‘Adapting to New Places and Different Cultures: Psychological and Social Effects o f M obility’. Cedefop, Greece. Downloaded 26/3/99
Hurst K (1997) ‘Multi-skilled health carers: nature, purpose and im plications’, Health Manpower Management, 23, 6: 197-211.
Iredale R (1999) ‘The Need to Im port Skilled Personnel: Factors Favouring and Hindering its International M obility’, International Migration, 37, 1: 89-123
Jacobs P (1992) ‘Zehn M inuten vor der Zeit ist der Schwester Piinktlichkeit’, in: Schm idbauerW (ed), Pflegenotstand- das Ende der Menschlichkeit. Rowohlt, Hamburg
Kiehl M and W erner H (1999) ‘The Labour Market Situation of EU and of Third C ountry N ationals in the European U nion’. IAB Labour Market Research Topics 32. Institut fur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung der Bundesanstalt fur Arbeit, Niirnberg
Lam bert T W, Goldacre M J, Parkhouse J (1997) ‘Intentions of newly qualified doctors to practise in the United Kingdom ’, British Medical Journal, 314: 1591-2.
Lunts P (1998) ‘Country Report. Experiences of the Czech health-care system’, European Nurse, 3, 1: 44-49
Molle W T M, De Koning J, Zandvliet C T (1994) ‘Can foreign aid reduce East-West migration in Europe, with particular reference to Poland’ , in: Boehning and M-L Schloeter-Paredes (eds) Aid in Place o f Migration. International Labour Organisation, Geneva
OECD (1995) New Directions in Health Care Policy. Health Policy Studies, OECD, Paris
OECD (2001a) Trends in International Migration. Annual Report 2000. OECD, Paris
OECD (2001b) OECD Health Data. A Comparative Analysis o f 30 Countries. OECD, Paris
Philbert-Hasucha S (1993) ‘D er Umgang mit Pflegemodellen im europaischen Ausland’, Deutsche Krankenpflege-Zeitschrift, 46, 10: 11-19
Phillips D (1996) ‘The Internationalization of Labour’, International Sociology, 11, 1: 109-127
Richardson J (1996) ‘Organization Report. The Lemon Project: Learning Materials on Nursing for the New Countries of Europe’, European Nurse, 1, 3: 140-146
Robinson V and Carey M (2000) ‘Peopling Skilled International Migration: Indian Doctors in the UK’, International Migration, 38, 1: 89-108
Rogers J (2000) The Medical Career Structure in the UK. www.cs.man.ac.uk/mig/resources/nhs2.htm l downloaded 20/03/01
Salt J and Clarke J (2001) ‘Foreign labour in the United Kingdom: patterns and trends’, Labour Market Trends, O ctober 2001: 473-483
Scar M (2001) Mobility in the European health sector. Cedefop Panoram a Series. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg
Scatizzi S (2001) ‘Recognition of professional qualifications’, Single Market News, 27, July: 15. European Commission, Internal M arket DG, Brussels
Schmidbauer W (1992) ‘Die W iderspruche der G esundheitspolitik’, in: Schmidbauer W (ed), Pflegenotstand - das Elide der Menschlichkeit. Rowohlt, Hamburg
Simon M (2001) ‘Geld und Gesundheit. Okonomisierung des Krankenhauses’, WZBMitteilungen, 93, September: 19-21
Taubert J (1994) Pflege a u f dem Weg zu einem neuen Selbstverstandnis. Mabuse, Frankfurt
Travis A (2001) ‘Green card work permits for useful migrants’, The Guardian, 3.10.2001: 15
UKCC (2000) Statistical analysis o f the UKCC’s professional register 1 April 1999 to 31 March 2000. London.
Vandamme F (2000) ‘Labour mobility within the European Union: Findings, stakes and prospects’, International Labour Review, 139, 4: 437-455
Wagner F (1996) ‘C ountry Report. Nursing in G erm any’, European Nurse, 1, 1: 53-56
Walby S, Greenwell J, Mackay L and Soothill K (1994) Medicine and Nursing. Sage, London
Weber W (2000) ‘European court rules on doctors’ working hours’, The Lancet, 356, 9238, 14 October: 1337.
W erner H (1996) ‘Temporary Migration of Foreign Workers - Illustrated with Spcial Regard to East-West M igrations’, in: IAB Labour Market Research Topics 18. Institut fiir Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung der Bundesanstalt fur Arbeit, Ntirnberg
Wronska I (1996) ‘Country Report. Polish professional nursing: its development and present situation’, European Nurse, 1, 2: 127-129
Wroriska I (1998) ‘The contem porary situation regarding nursing and health care in Poland’, European Nurse, 3, 3: 194-196
W iisthof A (2001) ‘Frust und Fron in Weifi. Viele M ediziner verlieren den Spafi an ihrem B eru f und sa tte ln um . D ro h t sta tt d er A rztesch w em m e nun ein Arztemangel?’, Die Zeit, 22, 23.5.2001: 81
Zulauf M (1997) ‘Time Organisation and the Integration of EU M igrant Professionals’, Time and Society, 6, 2/3: 151-170.
Zulauf M (1998) ‘Free M ovement in the European Union: Experiences of N urses’, European Nurse, 3, 3: 143-157.
Z ulauf M (2001) M igrant Women: Professionals in the European Union. Palgrave
Prenosi
Objavljeno
Kako citirati
Številka
Rubrike
Licenca
To delo je licencirano pod Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva-Nekomercialno-Brez predelav 4.0 mednarodno licenco.
Avtorji jamčijo, da je delo njihova avtorska stvaritev, da v njem niso kršene avtorske pravice tretjih oseb ali kake druge pravice. V primeru zahtevkov tretjih oseb se avtorji zavezujejo, da bodo varovali interese založnika ter da bodo povrnili morebitno škodo.
Podrobneje v rubriki: Prispevki
