Vagabundi ali elite? Tuaregi, moderni nomadi na poti
Ključne besede:
Tuaregi, mobilnost, transnacionalnost, elite, moderni nomadiPovzetek
Večina Tuaregov ne sledi več tradicionalnim nomadskim ciklom in se premika po osebni izbiri. Venomer v gibanju in iskanju hitrega zaslužka drsijo med saharskimi državami. Sorodniki in prijatelji jim zagotavljajo nastanitev, majhna torba z osebnimi stvarmi in mobilni telefon z najljubšo moderno tuareško kitarsko glasbo pa zaokroža njihovo pojavo. Njihov življenjski stil bi lahko označili s terminom vagabund, vendar pa bi zaradi svojih mobilnih strategij ti ljudje lahko predstavljali tudi elito svoje družbe. V svoji študiji primera nigerskih Tuaregov, ki se premikajo med Nigrom, Alžirijo in Libijo, avtorica obravnava značilnosti njihove mobilnosti, ki je ni mogoče uvrstiti med konvencionalne kategorije. Nadalje ilustrira njihove strategije spoprijemanja z mejami med saharskimi nacionalnimi državami in pojasnjuje, da vagabundi in elite niso nujno medsebojno izključujoči se termini ter da premikanje ni nujno odklon od normalnega življenja, ampak je lahko tudi pravilo.
Prenosi
Literatura
Abbink, Jon, Salverda, Tijo (2013). Introduction. An Anthropological Perspective on Elite Power and the Cultural Politics of Elites. The Anthropology of Elites. Power, Culture and the Complexities of Distinction (eds. Jon Abbink, Tijo Salverda). New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1–28.
Ag Aher, Elelli (1990). L´initiation d´un ashamur. Touaregs. Exil et Résistance (ed. Hélène Claudot-Hawad). Aix-en-Provence: R.E.M.M.M. 57, 141–152.
Austen, Ralph A. (2010). Trans-Saharan Africa in World History. Oxford: University Press.
Badi, Dida (2012). Les Touaregs du Tassili n Ajjer. Mémoire collective et organization sociale, Mémoires du Centre National de Recherches Préhistorique, Anthropologique et Historiques. Nouvelle série nº17. Algier: CNRPAH.
Belalimat, Nadia (2010). The Ishumar Guitar: Emergence, Circulation and Evolution, from Diasporic Performances to the World Scene. Tuareg Society within a Globalized World. Saharan Life in Transition (eds. Anja Fischer, Ines Kohl). London, New York: I. B. Tauris, 155–170.
Bourgeot, André (1995). Les Societies Touarégues. Nomadisme, Identité, Resistance. Paris: Karthala.
Brachet, Julien (2009). Migrations transsahariennes: vers un désert cosmopolite et morcelé (Niger). Bellecombe-en-Bauges: Editions du croquant.
Burbank, Joelle (2010). Trans-Saharan Traffi cking. A Growing Source of Terrorist Financing. Center for the Study of Threat Convergence: The Fund for Peace.
Bruns, Bettina, Miggelbrink, Judith (2012). Subverting Borders. Doing Research on Smuggling and Small- -Scale Trade. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Caglar, Ayse (2002). Media Corporatism and Cosmopolitanism. Conceiving Cosmopolitanism: Theory, Context, and Practice (eds. Steven Vertovec, Robert Cohen). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 180–190.
Claudot-Hawad, Hélène (1993). Visage voile et expressivité. Les Touaregs: Portrait en fragments (ed. Hélène Claudot-Hawad). Aix-en-Provence: Edisud, 29–44.
Claudot-Hawad, Hélène (2000). Elite, honneur et sacrifi ce. Elites du monde nomade Touareg et Maure (eds. Pierre Bonte, Hélène Claudot-Hawad). Aix-en-Provence: Edisud, 17–36.
Claudot-Hawad, Hélène (2002a). “Voyager nomade”. Voyager d´un point du vu nomade (ed. Hélène Claudot-Hawad). Paris: Mediterrannée, 7–10.
Claudot-Hawad, Hélène (2002b). Noces de vent. Epouser le vide ou l´art nomade de voyager. Voyager d´un point du vu nomade (ed. Hélène Claudot-Hawad). Paris: Mediterrannée, 11–36.
Claudot-Hawad, Hélène (2006). A Nomadic Fight against Immobility: The Tuareg in the Modern State. Nomadic Societies in the Middle East and North Africa: Entering the 21st Century (ed. Dawn Chatty). Leiden, Boston: Brill, 654–681.
Claudot-Hawad, Hélène (2013). La “question touarègue”: quell enjeux? La guerre au Mali. Comprendre la crise au Sahel et au Sahara: Enjeux et zones d´ombre (ed. Michel Galy). Paris: La Découverte, 125–147.
Cliff ord, James (1991). Traveling Cultures. Cultural Studies (eds. Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson, Paula Treichler). London, New York: Routledge, 96–116.
Daniel, Serge (2012). AQMI, Al-Qaida au Maghreb Islamique. L´industrie de l´enlèvement. Fayard.
Deycard, Frédéric (2012). Uncertain Times: The Consequences of the Libyan Civil War on Niger. Unpublished Background Paper. Geneva: Small Arms Survey.
De Brujin, Mirjam, van Dijk, Rijk, Foeken, Dick (2001). Mobile Africa. Changing Patterns of Movement in Africa and Beyond. Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill.
Galy, Michel (2013). La guerre au Mali. Comprendre la crise au Sahel et au Sahara: Enjeux et zones d´ombre. Paris: La Découverte.
Giuff rida, Alessandra (2010). Tuareg Networks: An Integrated approach to Mobility and Stasis. Tuareg Society within a Globalized World: Saharan Life in Transition (eds. Anja Fischer, Ines Kohl). London, New York: I.B.Tauris, 23–40.
Grégoire, Emmanuel (1999). Touaregs du Niger. Le destin d´un mythe. Paris: Karthala.
Hawad, Mahmoudan (1991). La Teshumara antidote de l´etat. Touaregs. Exil et résistance (ed. Hélène Claudot-Hawad). Aix-en-Provence: R.E.M.M.M 57, 123–138.
Juntunen, Marko, Kalčić, Špela, Rogelja, Nataša (forthcoming). Mobility, Marginality and the Global Economic Recession. Western Nomads and Mobile Moroccan Men. Nordic Journal of Migration Research.
Keenan, Jeremy (1977). The Tuareg. People of the Ahaggar. London: The Penguin Press.
Keenan, Jeremy (2004). The Lesser Gods of the Sahara. London, Portland: Frank Cass.
Keenan, Jeremy (2009). The Dark Sahara. America´s War on Terror in Africa. New York: Pluto Press.
Klute, Georg (2011). From Friends to Enemies: Negotiating Nationalism, Tribal Identities, and Kinship in the Fratricidal War of the Malian Tuareg. L‘ Année du Maghreb 2011. Dossier Sahara en movement. Paris: CNRS Editions, 163–176.
Kohl, Ines (2007). Tuareg in Libyen. Identitäten zwischen Grenzen, Berlin: Reimer.
Kohl, Ines (2009). Beautiful Modern Nomads: Bordercrossing Tuareg between Niger, Algeria and Libya, Berlin: Reimer.
Kohl, Ines (2010a). Modern Nomads, Vagabonds, or Cosmopolitans? Refl ections on Contemporary Tuareg Society. Journal of Anthropological Research 66/4, 449–462.
Kohl, Ines (2010b). Saharan “Borderline”-Strategies: Tuareg Transnational Mobility. Mobility, Transnationalism and Contemporary African Societies (ed. Tilo Grätz). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 92–105.
Kohl, Ines (2010c). Libya, the “Europe of Ishumar”: Between Losing and Reinventing Tradition. Tuareg Society within a Globalized World: Saharan Life in Transition (eds. Anja Fischer, Ines Kohl). London, New York: I.B.Tauris, 143–154.
Kohl, Ines (2011). Gaddafi s Instrumentalisierung der Tuareg. Libyen, Hintergründe, Analysen, Berichte (ed. Fritz Edlinger). Wien: Promedia, 71–86.
Kohl, Ines (forthcoming). Afrod, the Border Business of the Tuareg. New Conditions and Challenges. Conditions nouveau. Politique Africaine.
Kohl, Ines, Fischer, Anja (2010). Tuareg Moving Global: An Introduction. Tuareg Society within a Globalized World: Saharan Life in Transition (eds. Anja Fischer, Ines Kohl). London, New York: I.B.Tauris, 1–8.
Larcher, Wolfram (2012). Organized crime and confl ict in the Sahel-Sahara Region, The Carnegie Papers, http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/09/13/organized-crime-and-confl ict-in-sahel-sahara-region/dtjm (5 June 2013).
Lecocq, Baz (2004). Unemployed Intellectuals in the Sahara: The Teshumara Nationalist Movement and the Revolutions in Tuareg Society. IRSH 49 Supplement, Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschieden, 87–109.
Lecocq, Baz (2010). Tuareg City Blues – Cultural Capital in a Global Cosmopole. Tuareg Society within a Globalized World: Saharan Life in Transition (eds. Anja Fischer, Ines Kohl). London, New York: I.B.Tauris, 41–60.
Lecocq, Baz (2012). Disputed Desert. Decolonisation, Competing Nationalism and Tuareg Rebellions in Northern Mali. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
Maddy-Wietzmann, Bruce (2012). The Berber Identity Movement and the Challenge to North African States. Austin: University of Texas Press.
McDougall, James, Scheele, Judith (2012). Saharan Frontiers. Space and Mobility in Northwest Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Marfaing, Laurence, Wippel, Steff en (2004). Les relations transsahariennes à l´époque contemporaine: Une espace en constant mutation. Paris: Karthala.
Mohamedou Ould, Mohamed (2011). The Many Faces of Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, GCSP Policy paper, No. 15. www.gcsp.ch/.../GCSP%20Policy%20Paper%2015%20-%20Deutsch.pdf (17. June 2013).
Morgan, Andy (2012). The Causes of the Uprising in Northern Mali. The Tuareg Rebels’ Recent Attacks Represent a Fourth Roll of the Kel Tamasheq Dice. Think Africa Press. http://thinkafricapress.com/ mali/causes-uprising-northern-mali-tuareg (13. June 2013).
Politique Africaine 125 (2012). La Libye révolutionnaire. Paris: Karthala.
Rasmussen, Susan (1991). Veiled Self, Transparent Meanings: Tuareg Headdress as Social Expression. Ethnology 30, 101–117.
Scheele, Judith (2012). Smugglers and Saints of the Sahara: Regional Connectivity in the Twentieth Century. University Press: Cambridge.
Schijf, Huibert (2013). Researching Elites: Old and New Perspectives. The Anthropology of Elites. Power, Culture and the Complexities of Distinction (eds. Jon Abbink, Tijo Salverda). New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 29–44.
Scholze, Marko (2010). Between the Worlds. Tuareg as Entrepreneurs in Tourism. Tuareg Society within a Globalized World: Saharan Life in Transition (eds. Anja Fischer, Ines Kohl). London, New York: I.B.Tauris, 175–194.
Shore, Chris (2002). Introduction. Towards an Anthropology of Elites. Elite Culture. Anthropological Perspectives (eds. Chris Shore, Stephen Nugent). London, New York: Routledge, 1–21.
Prenosi
Objavljeno
Kako citirati
Številka
Rubrike
Licenca
To delo je licencirano pod Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva-Nekomercialno-Brez predelav 4.0 mednarodno licenco.
Avtorji jamčijo, da je delo njihova avtorska stvaritev, da v njem niso kršene avtorske pravice tretjih oseb ali kake druge pravice. V primeru zahtevkov tretjih oseb se avtorji zavezujejo, da bodo varovali interese založnika ter da bodo povrnili morebitno škodo.
Podrobneje v rubriki: Prispevki
