To je stara verzija objvaljena 2022-06-13. Preberite najnovejšo verzijo.

Repatriacija ali vrnitev prebežnikov? Tekmovanje za begunce hladne vojne, 1955–1956

Avtorji

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3986/dd.2022.1.07

Ključne besede:

kampanja repatriacije, hladna vojna, politični izgnanci, Skupščina evropskih narodov v ujetništvu

Povzetek

Članek predstavlja odziv skupnega zastopništva izgnancev hladne vojne (znanega pod imenom Assembly of Captive European Nations, ACEN – Skupščina evropskih narodov v ujetništvu) na kampanjo repatriacije, ki jo je Moskva izvedla leta 1955. V središče pozornosti postavlja politične dejavnosti izgnancev, ki so jih podpirale ZDA pod okriljem Odbora svobodne Evrope (angl. Free Europe Committee). Leto 1955 je zanimivo obdobje, ko sta glavna nasprotnika hladne vojne uporabljala migracije kot orodje za uresničevanje svojih političnih ciljev. Članek na poljskem primeru obravnava dejavnosti političnih izgnancev v kontekstu ameriških programov za pridobitev prebežnikov iz sovjetskega bloka in odgovora Washingtona na sovjetsko kampanjo demoralizacije ubežnikov.

Prenosi

Podatki o prenosih še niso na voljo.

Literatura

ACEN (1955). ACEN Warns Captive Nations against Communist Wiles, 23. 9. 1955, Press release 108. ACEN (box 80, file 5). Immigration History Research Center Archives (IHRC Archives), Minneapolis.

ACEN doc. 57 (Pol.) (1955). Communist Propaganda Campaign Aimed at the Return of Political Exiles. Resolution introduced in the 24th meeting of the Plenary Assembly on October 18, 1955, unanimously adopted. ACEN (box 80, folder 5). IHRC Archives, Minneapolis. See also printed version: ACEN, Second Session, Organization, Resolutions, Reports (New York: ACEN, 1956), 45–46.

ACEN doc. 58 (Soc.) (1955). The Problem of Refugees Before the United Nations, Resolution adopted in the 24th Plenary Meeting on October 18, 1955, ACEN Doc. No. 58 (Soc), ACEN, Second Session…, 47–48.

ACEN doc. 72 (Pol.) (1956). Appeal for the Liberation of Citizens of the Captive European Nations deported to the USSR, Resolution adopted in the 32 Plenary meeting on June 22, 1956, ACEN Doc. No. 72 (Pol.), ACEN, Second Session…, 66–68.

ACEN News (1955a) ACEN on why Communist repatriation campaign must fail. ACEN News 1/6 (September): 9.

ACEN News (1955b). ACEN on why Communist repatriation campaign must fail. ACEN News 1/6 (September): 9–11.

ACEN News (1956). Issue 11–12 (February–March): 25–26.

Brook, Frederick (1955). Eastern Bait Lures Back Frustrated Exiles. Christian Science Monitor, 21. 12. 1955. Press clipping. ACEN (box 80, file 5). IHRC Archives, Minneapolis.

Bureau of Public Affairs (1953). Stassen Announces Program in Fiscal ’54 to Aid Iron Curtain Escapees (NARA II, RG 59, Mutual Security Information Staff. Subject and country files 1952-58, b. 27, A1 1587G: f. Refugees and Migration). National Archives, Washington, DC.

Carruthers, Susan L. (2009). Cold War Captives: Imprisonment, Escape, and Brainwashing. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.

Cenckiewicz, Sławomir (2004). Od pierwszej reemigracji do drugiej reemigracji. Aparat bezpieczeństwa PRL wobec polskiej emigracji politycznej w latach 1944–1956. Polska emigracja polityczna. Informatr MSW (ed. Sławomir Cenckiewicz). Warsaw: Adiutor, V–XX.

Cenckiewicz, Sławomir (2005). Udział aparatu bezpieczeństwa PRL w drugiej kampanii reemigracyjnej (1955–1957), Aparat bezpieczeństwa wobec emigracji politycznej i Polonii (ed. Ryszard Terlecki). Warsaw: IPN, 250–252.

Cenckiewicz, Sławomir (2008). Geneza, działalność i udział rozgłośni „kraj” w akcji reemigracyjnej (1955–1957). O nowych metodach walki bezpieki z emigracją i Polonią, Oczami bezpieki: szkice i materiały z dziejów aparatu bezpieczeństwa PRL (ed. Sławomir Cenckiewicz). Kraków: Arcana, 35–129.

Coste, Brutus (1955). Cover letter to ACEN’s appeal, 7. 10. 1955, ACEN (box 80, file 5). IHRC Archives, Minneapolis.

Eckhardt, Tibor (1955). Memorandum on Problems of Refugees and Escapees in Austria, October 1955, ACEN (box 38, f. 5). IHRC Archives, Minneapolis.

Friszke, Andrzej (1999). Życie polityczne emigracji. Warsaw: Biblioteka Więzi.

H. Res. 137 (1955). Resolution creating a select committee to conduct an investigation and study of forced repatriation program carried out by our military and civilian authorities in the years 1945–1947; to the Committee on Rules, 84th Congress, 1st session, 8. 2. 1955, https://www.congress.gov/bound-congressional-record/1955/02/08/house-section. ACEN (box 80, folder 5). IHRC Archives, Minneapolis.

Johnson, A. Ross (2010). Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. The CIA Years and Beyond. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.

Judt, Tony (2006). Postwar. A History of Europe since 1945. London: Penguin Books.

Kádár Lynn, Katalin (2013). At War While at Peace: United States Cold War Policy and the National Committee for a Free Europe, Inc. Inauguration of Organized Political Warfare: Cold War Organizations Sponsored by the National Committee for a Free Europe (ed. Katalin Kádár Lynn). St. Helena: Helena History Press, 7–70. Distributed by Central European University Press, New York, Budapest.

Korboński, Stefan (1956). Note concerning the communist repatriation campaign and the necessity for a “Marshall Plan” type of program for the exiles from captive nations, 14. 01. 1956. ACEN (box 80, file 5). IHRC Archives, Minneapolis.

Lencznarowicz, Jan (1996). Rola Towarzystwa Polonia w polityce PRL wobec Polonii w krajach zachodnich, Przegląd Polonijny 79/1, 43–60.

Machcewicz, Paweł (1999). Emigracja z polityce międzynarodowej. Warsaw: Biblioteka Więzi 1999.

Machcewicz, Paweł (2007). “Monachijska Menażeria” Walka z Radiem Wolna Europa. Warsaw: IPN.

Mazurkiewicz, Anna (2015). Unwilling Immigrants: Transnational Identities of East Central European Exiles during the Cold War. Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny 4 (158), 159–171.

Mazurkiewicz, Anna (2016). Uchodźcy z Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w amerykańskiej polityce zimnowojennej, 1948–1954. Warsaw-Gdańsk: IPN-University of Gdańsk.

Mazurkiewicz, Anna, ed. (2019a). East Central European Migrations During the Cold War. A Handbook. Berlin-Boston: De Gruyter.

Mazurkiewicz, Anna (2019b). Migration Crises and Interest of a State. A look at American Refugee Assistance Acts during the Cold War. Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny 3(173), 41–58.

Mazurkiewicz, Anna (2021). Voice of the Silenced Peoples in the Global Cold War. The Assembly of Captive European Nations, 1954-1972, Vol. 8 in the series Rethinking the Cold War. Boston-Berlin: De Gruyter, https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110661002.

Memorandum (1955). ACEN Memorandum on Redefections Engineered by the Communists, December 1955, ACEN (box 38, file 5). IHRC Archives, Minneapolis.

Memorandum (1956). Memorandum for Assistant to the Director (CIA), IRC Report on Redefection, Letter from Mr. Leo Cherne to the Director, dated 27 March 1956, 6. 4. 1956, CIA-RDP80B01676R004100120011-3, approved for release, 13. 11. 2002, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80B01676R004100130011-3.pdf (15. 11. 2021).

Nowak-Jeziorański, Jan (2005). Wojna w eterze. Kraków: Znak.

OCB – Operations Coordinating Board (1956). Report by the OCB to the NSC, 18. 4. 1956, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955–1957, Eastern Europe, Vol. XXV, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v25/d54 (15. 11. 2021).

Ruchniewicz, Małgorzata (2000). Repatriacja ludności polskiej z ZSRR w latach 1955–59. Warsaw: Volumen.

Shephard, Ben (2012). The Long Road Home. The Aftermath of the World War II. New York: Anchor Books.

Stanek, Piotr (2009). “Wrócić muszą przede wszystkim Polacy z Rosji” – Radio Wolna Europa a repatriacja Polaków z ZSRR, Zesłaniec 38(2009), 15–24, http://zeslaniec.pl/38/Stanek.pdf (15. 11. 2021).

Stola, Dariusz (2010). Kraj bez wyjścia. Migracje z Polski 1949–1989. Warsaw: IPN–ISP PAN.

Tarka, Krzysztof (2001). Powrót premiera. Emigracja o sprawie Hugona Hankego, Przegląd Polonijny 3, 19–33.

UNHCR (1951, published 2010). Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. Text of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva, https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.html (15. 11. 2021).

UNHCR (1967, published 2011). States Parties to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol, https://www.unhcr.org/en-ie/3b73b0d63.pdf (15. 11. 2021).

Wierzbiański, Bolesław (1955). Communist Campaign for the Return of Refugees. Report presented at the 24th Plenary Meeting of ACEN on October 18, 1955. ACEN (box 80, folder 5). IHRC Archives, Minneapolis.

Wiley, Alexander (US Senator) (1956). Commendation on the Work of the Donovan Emergency Commission of the International Rescue Committee, exposing the communist come home campaign, Congressional Record, 84th congress, 2nd session, Vol. 102, part 5, 12. 4. 1956, https://www.congress.gov/bound-congressional-record/1956/04/12/senate-section (15. 11. 2021).

Zalkalns, Lilita (2014). Back to the Motherland. Repatriation and Latvian Emigres 1955–1958, Stockholm: Stockholm University. http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:749334/FULLTEXT02.pdf (15. 11. 2021).

Objavljeno

2022-01-31 — posodobljeno 2022-06-13

Verzije

Kako citirati

Mazurkiewicz, A. (2022). Repatriacija ali vrnitev prebežnikov? Tekmovanje za begunce hladne vojne, 1955–1956. Dve Domovini, 2022(55), 111–130. https://doi.org/10.3986/dd.2022.1.07 (Original work published 31. januar 2022)

Številka

Rubrike

Članki