Odprto za javnost: Srbi in etnični prehod v Združenih državah Amerike

Avtorji

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3986/dd.2022.1.04

Ključne besede:

srbska diaspora, srbofilija, ZDA, Jugoslavija, Ruth Mitchell

Povzetek

Diaspore si pogosto predstavljamo kot neprodušno zaprte skupnosti. Vendar pa so bile meje srbske diaspore v Združenih državah Amerike za nekatere tujce presenetljivo prepustne – takšna je bila Ruth Mitchell, ki se je redno oblačila v četniška oblačila in tako nagovarjala srbske priseljence. Prispevek podaja tezo, da to dejanje etničnega prehoda spada v širši vzorec etničnih tujcev, ki so se pridruževali srbskim organizacijam v ZDA. Poleg Ruth Mitchell članek obravnava še štiri druge študije primera: Eleanor Calhoun, Johann Blose, Charles DeHarrack in Frank Melford. Diplomati so pri tem imeli vlogo paznikov teh srbofilov in so po svoji volji omejevali dostop do družbenih in političnih omrežij priseljencev – pri čemer pa je na to le redko vplivala etnična pripadnost teh srbofilov.

Prenosi

Podatki o prenosih še niso na voljo.

Literatura

Archival Sources

Butts (1943). Memo to Mr. Frederikson concerning the Serb National Federation Convention, 22. 9. 1943. National Archives Microfiche Collection, OSS Foreign Nationalities Branch Files, INT-30-YU, Slide 1089. NARA, Washington.

Cerrezin, Michael (1937). Letter to Konstantin Fotić, 20. 5. 1937. Legation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in Washington (fond 371, folder 53, unit 69). Archive of Yugoslavia, Belgrade.

Cerrezin, Michael (1939a). Letter to Konstantin Fotić, 8. 11. 1939. Legation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in Washington (fond 371, folder 54, unit 70). Archive of Yugoslavia, Belgrade.

Cerrezin, Michael (1939b). Letter to Konstantin Fotić, 14. 11. 1939. Legation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in Washington (fond 371, folder 54, unit 70). Archive of Yugoslavia, Belgrade.

Emigration Commissariat (1925). Yearly Report. Emigration Commission (IK) (fond 1071, folder 55, unit 71). Croatian State Archives, Zagreb.

Fotić, Konstantin (1939). Letter to Cerrezin, 13. 11. 1939. Legation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in Washington (fond 371, folder 54, unit 70). Archive of Yugoslavia, Belgrade.

Fotić, Konstantin (1942). Telegram to MIP about Ruth Mitchell, 26. 10. 1942. Legation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in Washington (fond 371, folder. 81, unit 104). Archive of Yugoslavia, Belgrade.

Fotić, Konstantin (1943a). Telegram to MIP, 28. 6. 1943. Legation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in Washington (fond 371, folder. 55, unit 71). Archive of Yugoslavia, Belgrade.

Fotić, Konstantin (1943b). Telegram to MIP, 24. 2. 1943. Legation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in Washington (fond 371, folder 81, unit 104). Archive of Yugoslavia, Belgrade.

Fotić, Konstantin (1943c). Report to MIP, 5. 3. 1943. Legation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in Washington (fond 371, folder. 81, unit 104). Archive of Yugoslavia, Belgrade.

Grdina, Anton, Mally, James, Milanovich, Ivan, DeHarrack, Charles (1939). Letter to Konstantin Fotić from Njegoš Singing Society. 4. 11. 1939. Legation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in Washington (fond 371, folder. 54, unit 70). Archive of Yugoslavia, Belgrade.

Ivanovich, Ivan (1943). Ruth Mitchell’s Appeal and Picture on the Front Page of the American Srbobran, OSS Report, 6. 12. 1943. National Archives Microfiche Collection, OSS Foreign Nationalities Branch Files, INT-30-YU, Slide 511. NARA, Washington.

Janković, Radoje (1932). Letter to the New York Times concerning Yugoslav Pictures, 14. 11. 1932. General Consulate of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in New York (fond 449, folder 4, unit 10). Archive of Yugoslavia, Belgrade.

Janković, Radoje (1933). Letter to Yugoslav Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 13. 1. 1933. General Consulate of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in New York (fond 449, folder 5, unit 10). Archive of Yugoslavia, Belgrade.

Janković, Radoje (1934). Proposal for Decoration of Blose M. Johann. 18. 7. 1934. General Consulate of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in New York (fond 449, folder 5, unit 10). Archive of Yugoslavia, Belgrade.

Jovanović, Slobodan (1943). Letter to Fotić, 3. 3. 1943. Legation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in Washington (fond 371, folder. 81, unit 104). Archive of Yugoslavia, Belgrade

Marković, Philip (1943). ‘Letter to Sava Kosanović.’ 7. 4. 1943. Sava Kosanović Papers (fond 83, folder 5, unit 36). Archive of Yugoslavia, Belgrade.

OSS – Office of Strategic Services (1942). Miss. Ruth Mitchell. OSS Report to Peter Klassen, 21. 12. 1942. National Archives Microfiche Collection, OSS Foreign Nationalities Branch Files, INT-30-YU, Slide 479. NARA, Washington.

OSS – Office of Strategic Services (1943). Report on the Serb National Federation. 6. 7. 1943. OSS Foreign Nationalities Branch Files, INT-30-YU, Slide 996. NARA, Washington.

OSS – Office of Strategic Services (1945). Talk with Louis Christopher, 11. 1. 1945. Foreign Nationalities Branch. National Archives Microfiche Collection, OSS Foreign Nationalities Branch Files, INT-30-YU, Slide 1653. NARA, Washington.

Parry, Albert (1942). Report on Yugoslavs of Chicago and the Vicinity. 25. 11. 1942. National Archives Microfiche Collection, OSS Foreign Nationalities Branch Files, INT-30-YU, Slide 271. NARA, Washington.

Parry, Albert (1943). Report on the Serbian National Defense Council. 3. 7. 1943. National Archives Microfiche Collection, OSS Foreign Nationalities Branch Files, INT-30-YU, Slide 992. NARA, Washington.

Pavlović, Živorad (1928). Letter to the Yugoslav Embassy in Washington, 28. 4. 1928. Legation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in Washington (fond 371, folder. 56, unit 72). Archive of Yugoslavia, Belgrade.

Poole, Dewitt (1942). Report on Serbian Americans, 4. 6. 1942. National Archives Microfiche Collection, OSS Foreign Nationalities Branch Files, INT-30-YU, Slide 108. NARA, Washington.

The Lady Guerilla Comes Home to the Marital Wars (1944). American Weekly, 2. 1. 1944. Library of Congress, https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/mimtptc_gwinn_ver01/data/sn88063294/00340588642/1944010201/0319.pdf (21. 11. 2021).

Vukmirović (1943). ‘Vidovdan Congress of the S.N.O, Chicago, June 27–28, 1943.’ Legation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in Washington (fond 371, folder. 55, unit 71). Archive of Yugoslavia, Belgrade.

Yugoslav Foreign Ministry (1942). Letter to Konstantin Fotić, 8. 12. 1942. Legation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in Washington (fond 371, folder 81, unit 104). Archive of Yugoslavia, Belgrade.

Yugoslavs in the United States (1923). Yugoslavia, 16. 6. 1923. Emigration Commission (Fond 1071, kut. 566). Croatian State Archives, Zagreb.

Secondary Sources

Anderson, Benedict (2006). Census, Map, and Museum. In Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso.

Babović, Jovana (2015). National Capital, Transnational Culture. East Central Europe 42/1, 104–122.

Barrett, James (2002). In-Between Peoples: Race, nationality, and the new immigrant. Colored White: Transcending the Racial Past (ed. David Roediger). Berkeley, University of California Press, 138–168.

Brubaker, Rogers (2016a). The Dolezal Affair: Race, Gender, and the Micropolitics of Identity. Ethnic and Racial Studies 39/3, 414–448.https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.1084430

Brubaker, Rogers (2016b). Trans: Gender and Race in an Era of Unsettled Identities. Princeton, Princeton UP.

Brunnbauer, Ulf (2016). Globalizing Southeastern Europe: Emigrants, America, and the State since the Late Nineteenth Century. Lanham: Lexington Press.

Chandra, Kanchan (2012). Constructivist Theories of Ethnic Politics. New York, Oxford UP.

Choate, Mark (2008). Emigrant Nation: The Making of Italy Abroad. Cambridge, Harvard UP.

Deharrack, Charles Peretz (2021). Case Western Reserve University, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, https://case.edu/ech/articles/d/deharrack-charles-peretz (21. 11. 2021).

Deloria, Philip (1998). Playing Indian. New Haven, Yale UP.

Djikanović, Vesna (2016). ‘Iseljenici u Severnoj Americi I jugoslovenska država 1918–1945,’ PhD Diss, University of Belgrade.

Gabaccia, Donna (2000). Italy’s Many Diasporas. London: UCL Press.

Fischer-Nebmaier, Wladimir (2019). John R. Palandech (1874–1956): The Many Faces of a Chicago Transatlantic Immigrant Media Man. Journal of Austrian-American History 3/1, 26–87. 71–82.

Grčić, Mirko, Gnjato, Rajko (2004). O Nacionalnom Radu Mihajla Pupina. Glasnik Srpskog Geografskog Društva 84/2.

Godcharles, Frederic (1933). Johann Blose. In The Pennsylvania Political, Governmental, Military, and Civil History, vol. 5. New York: American Historical Society.

H. T. S. (1932). A Croatian Language Film. New York Times. 16. 12. 1932.

IMDB (2021a). Frank Melford. IMDB Database, https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0577653 (21. 11. 2021).

IMDB (2021b). Raquel Davidovich. IMDB Database, https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0203167, (21. 11. 2021).

Jacobson, Matthew (1999). Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race. Cambridge: Harvard UP.

Larson, Ethan (2020). The New ‘Old Country:’ the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the creation of a Yugoslav Diaspora 1914–1951, PhD Diss, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign.

Lazarovich-Hrebelianovich, Eleanor, Lazarovich-Hrebelianovich, Stephan (1910). The Servian People: Their Past Glory and their Destiny. New York, Charles Scribner Sons.

Lazarovich-Hrebelianovich, Eleanor (1915). Pleasures and Palaces: The Memoirs of Princess Lazarovich-Hrebelianovich. New York: The Century Co.

Lees, Lorraine (2007). Yugoslav-Americans and National Security during World War II. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Mitchell, Ruth (1943). The Serbs Choose War. New York: Doubleday, Doran, and Company.

Newman, John Paul (2013). The Origins, Attributes, and Legacies of Paramilitary Violence in the Balkans. In R. Gerwarth and J. Horne, eds. War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe after the Great War. Oxford: Oxford UP.

Pavlowitch, Stevan (1981). Out of Context: The Yugoslav Government in London 1941–1945. Journal of Contemporary History 16/1, 89–118.

Pavlović, Mirjana (1999). Mihajlo Pupin’s Character in Emigration and Domestic Press. Intellectuals in Diaspora: Proceedings of the Symposium ‘100th Birth Anniversary of Louis Adamic’ (ed. Irena Gantar Godina). Ljubljana: Založba ZRC.

Princess Lazarovich-Hrebelianovich, Actress Who Aided Serbian Cause, Dies (1957). New York Times, 12. 1. 1957.

Roediger, David (2002). In conclusion: Elvis, Wiggers, and crossing over to nonwhiteness. Colored White: Transcending the Racial Past (ed. David Roediger). Berkeley: University of California Press, 212–240.

Sharfstein, Daniel (2003). The Secret History of Race in the United States. The Yale Law Journal 112/6, 1473–1509.

Serb Patriot Held in Yugoslav Row (1943). New York Times, 13. 7. 1943.

Serb Warned on Threat (1943). New York Times, 17. 7. 1943.

Servian Princess Clashes with Pupin (1912). New York Times, 30. 11. 1912.

Tesla, Nikola (1912). Servian Prince Defended. The New York Times. 4. 12. 1912.

Todorova, Maria (2009). Imagining the Balkans. New York: Oxford UP.

Troch, Pieter (2010). Yugoslavism Between the World Wars: Indecisive Nation Building. Nationalities Papers 38/2, 227–244.

Waters, Mary (1990). Ethnic Options: Choosing identities in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Objavljeno

2022-01-31 — posodobljeno 2022-11-28

Verzije

Kako citirati

Larson, E. (2022). Odprto za javnost: Srbi in etnični prehod v Združenih državah Amerike. Dve Domovini, 2022(55), 55–72. https://doi.org/10.3986/dd.2022.1.04 (Original work published 31. januar 2022)

Številka

Rubrike

Članki