From Drought to Deity: Borrowing Freshwater Worship in Third Millennium BCE Shahdad
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3986/SMS20242710Ključne besede:
puščava Lut, Šahdad, Mezopotamija, bronasta doba, bog sladke vode, EnkiPovzetek
Šahdad, starodavna civilizacija na robu puščave Lut, je kljub ostremu podnebju, uspevala v tretjem tisočletju pred našim štetjem. Ta članek obravnava čaščenje Enkija, mezopotamskega boga sladke vode, na tem območju. Številni arheološki podatki, najdeni v Šahdadu, kažejo na stike z Mezopotamijo v tretjem tisočletju pred našim štetjem. To je lahko povezano s šahdadskim čaščenjem božanstva vode in plodnosti, saj vključuje prisotnost strokovnih kamnosekov, ki so poznali mezopotamske metode gradnje templjev, ikonografijo vodnega božanstva na mestnem pečatu in zastavi ter edinstvene kamnite gradbene elemente. Čeprav obstajajo dokazi o mezopotamskem vplivu v sladkovodnem božanstvu, ki so ga častili v Šahdadu, je bolj verjetno, da je ta interakcija prispevala k nastanku posebnega sladkovodnega božanstva. Pri arheoloških izkopavanjih so bili odkriti edinstveni artefakti, ki dajejo verodostjnost tej teoriji. Med njimi je tudi keramika, ki prikazuje prakse ohranjanja vode, kamnite predmete, ki so se uporabljali pri vodnih obredih, in glinene kipe, ki prikazujejo figure, ki molijo za vodo.
Prenosi
Literatura
Arhem, K., 2016: Southeast Asian Animism in Context. In: Arhem, K; Sprenger, G. (eds.), Animism in Southeast Asia. New York: Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia series, 3–30.
Basafa, H.; Rezaei, M. H., 2014: A Comparative Study of Chlorite Vessels Iconography, Discovered from Halil Rud Basin. Sociology and Anthropology 2/5, 196–200.
Benoist, A., 2007: An Iron Age II snake cult in the Oman peninsula: evidence from Bithnah (Emirate of Fujairah). Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 18/1, 34–54.
Black, J; Green, A., 1992: Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary. London: British Museum Press.
Boehmer, Rainer Michael, 1965: Die Entwicklung der Glyptik während der Akkad-Zeit. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter & Co.
Desset, F.; Shahsavari, M.; Vidale, M., 2021: The Marhashean two-faced ‘god’: New insights into the iconographic and religious landscapes of the Halil Rud valley civilization and third millennium BCE southeastern Iran. Journal of Sistan and Baluchistan Studies 1, 49–85.
Eskandari, N.; Shafiee, M.; Mesgar, A. A.; Zorzi, F.; Vidale, M., 2022: A copper statuette from south-eastern Iran (third millennium BC). Iran and the Caucasus 26, 17–31.
Fazeli Nashli, H.; Mosapour Negari, F., Firoozmandi Shirejin, B., 2012: Craft Specialization at Shahdad: Pottery Production During the Third Millennium BC. Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies 2/2, 83–93. DOI: 10.22111/ijas.2014.1524
Frankfort, H., 1939: Sculpture of the third Millennium BC from Tell Asmar and Khafajah. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Golan, A., 2003: Prehistoric Religion: Mythology, Symbolism. Jerusalem: Ariel Golan.
Hakemi, A., 1973: Kavosh-ha-ye Hashiye Dasht-e-Lut: Kashf-e- Tamadon-e- Pish az Tarikh dar Khabis, Shahdad. Journal of Art and People 126, 75–83.
Hakemi, A., 1997a: Shahdad: Archaeological Excavations of a Bronze Age Center in Iran. Rome: IsMEO.
Hakemi, A., 1997b: Kerman: the original place of production of chlorite stone objects in the third millennium BC. East and West 47/1-4, 11–40.
Hakemi, A., 2006: Report of Eight Seasons of Survey and Excavation at Shahdad (Dasht-i- Lut) 1969–1976. Tehran: Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization Research Institute.
Helwing, B. A. (ed.), 2017: Iran – frühe Kulturen zwischen Wasser und Wüste. Bonn, Munich: Bundeskunsthalle - Hirmer.
Jordan, M., 2004: Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Second Edition. Facts on File, Inc.
Kabuli, M. A., 1989. Shahdad, In Kiyani, M. Y (ed.) Shahrha-ye Iran 3: 106-166, Tehran: Jahad Daneshgahi.
Kabuli, M. A., 1997. Gozaresh Dahomin Fasle Kavosh Gorohe Bastaniye Dasht-e- Lut dar mohavate Bastaniye Shahdad. Gozaresh-ha-ye Bastanshenasi 1, 125–189.
Kabuli, M. A., 2004. Masakene Mardom –e-Shahdad va Moghayeseye An ba Sokonatgahaye Jonobe Shargh Iran dar Chahar Hezare, Collection of Articles of the Congress of History of Architecture and Urban Planning of Iran. 3, 535–555, Arg-e Bam-Kerman: Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran.
Kardavani, P., 1971. Samples of the soils of Shahdad Region. Journal of Geographical Institute of Tehran University 6.
Kharazmi, M.; Mortazavi, M.; Mosapour Negari, F., 2020: Desert Edge Sites in the Bronze Age. pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran 10/26, 33–54. DOI: 10.22084/nbsh.2020.20127.2015
Kramer, Samuel Noah, 1963: The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Leick, G., 2003: Historical Dictionary of Mesopotamia. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.
Madjidzadeh, Y., 2003: Jiroft: The Earliest Oriental Civilization. Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance.
McIntosh, Jane R., 2005: Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
Meier, D.; Vidale, M., 2013: The “Man with Serpents” Revisited. On a Figurated Pin from the Bronze Age Site of Shahdad (Kerman, Iran). Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies 3/1, 1–9. DOI: 10.22111/ijas.2013.1730
Mortazavi, M., 2009: Human Adaptation: Models of Changes in Southeast Iran. Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute 68-69, 113–124.
Mosapour Negari, F., 2022: Re-assessment of the Location of the Land of Aratta. Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies 12/1, 75–83. DOI: 10.22111/ijas.2022.7497
Mostofi, A., 1972: Geographical Reports of Shahdad and Dasht-i-Lut. Tehran: Tehran University Press.
Naseri Tehrani, M.; Mosapour Negari, F.; Weeks, L. (forthcoming): Looted Copper-Base Snake Figurines in the Harandi Museum, Kerman Province, Iran: Evidence for Interaction with the Oman Peninsula in the Early Iron Age. Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies.
Negaresh, H.; Mirzaei, A. A.; Faizi, F.; Mortazavi, M.; Negaresh, Z., 2011: Identification of Structure and Morphology of Raised Beaches in Southeastern of Iran, by Utilizing Physical and Chemical Analysis Methods. Man and Environment 36/2, 20–27.
Pittman, H., 2013: New Evidence for Interaction between the Iranian Plateau and the Indus Valley: Seals and Sealings from Konar Sandal South. In: Abraham, S.; Gullapalli, P; Raczek, T. and Rizvi, U. (eds.), Connections and Complexity: New Approaches to the Archaeology of South and Central Asia. California: Left Coast Press, 63–89.
Pittman, H., 2018: Administrative role of seal imagery in the Early Bronze Age: Mesopotamian and Iranian traders on the Plateau. In: Ameri, M.; Costello, S. K.; Jamison, G. M., and Scott, S. J. (eds.), Seals and Sealing in the Ancient World: Case Studies from the Near East, Egypt, the Aegean, and South Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 13–35.
Richards, Tessa, 2000: Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dicionary. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Salighe, M.; Mortazavi, M.; Mosapour Negari, F., 2011. Uniformitarianism: A Comparative Study of the Global Transitional Climatic Area Influences on the Bampur Valley. Ancient Asia 3, 1–10.
Salvatori, S.; Vidale, M., 1982: A brief surface survey of the proto-historic site of Shahdad (Kerman, Iran): preliminary report. Rivista di Archeologia 6, 5–10.
Shahzeidi, S. S., 2016: Formative evolutionary trend of Loot in Quaternary cycle. Geography and Environmental Planning 27/2, 119–130. DOI: 10.22108/gep.2016.21819
Shoaee, M. J.; Breeze, P. S.; Drake, N. A.; Hashemi, S. M.; Vahdati Nasab, H.; Breitenbach, S. F. M.; Stevens, T.; Boivin, N.; Petraglia, M. D., 2023: Defining paleoclimatic routes and opportunities for hominin dispersals across Iran. PLoS ONE 18/3, e0281872. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281872
Steinkeller, P., 1999: On rulers, priests and sacred marriage: Tracing the evolution of early Sumerian kingship. In: Watanabe, K. (ed.), Priests and officials in the ancient Near East: Papers of the Second Colloquium on the Ancient Near East – the City and Its Life Held at the Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan (Mitaka, Tokyo), March 22–24, 1996. Heidelberg: C. Winter, 103–137.
Vaezi, A.; Tavakoli, V.; Naderi-Beni, A., 2023: Paleoclimate reconstruction in Jiroft during the late Holocene. Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences, 33/3, 55–70. DOI: 10.22071/gsj.2023.366231.2035
Vanstiphout, H. L. J., 2003: Epics of Sumerian Kings: The Matter of Aratta. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
Vaziri Kermani, A. A. Kh., 1974: Geography of Kerman, edited by Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi. Tehran: Ibn Sina Publications.
Yule, P., 1998: Shahdad: Archaeological Excavations of a Bronze Age Center in Iran by Ali Hakemi. American Journal of Archaeology 102/4, 827–828.
Prenosi
Objavljeno
Kako citirati
Številka
Rubrike
Licenca
![Creative Commons licenca](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
To delo je licencirano pod Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva 4.0 mednarodno licenco.
Avtorji jamčijo, da je delo njihova avtorska stvaritev, da v njem niso kršene avtorske pravice tretjih oseb ali kake druge pravice. V primeru zahtevkov tretjih oseb se avtorji zavezujejo, da bodo varovali interese založnika ter da bodo povrnili morebitno škodo.
Podrobneje v rubriki: Prispevki