Razširjenost in ekologija divjih vrst solate Lactuca serriola L. in Lactuca virosa L. v centralnem Čilu
Ključne besede:
Alohtone vrste, višinske omejitve, ohranjanje dednine, strupena ločika, rastlinska invazija, pripotna ločikaPovzetek
Wild lettuces (Lactuca L.) may provide valuable genetic resources for crop breeding, but are also significant invasive weeds. Monitoring populations of these species is important, therefore, both to inform genetic resource conservation efforts as well as for non-native plant species control. We explored the occurrences, distributions, and characteristics of populations of wild Lactuca species in central Chile through field surveys in 2016 and 2017, significantly adding to the available information on these species in the region. We documented two species - prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola L.) and opium (bitter) lettuce (Lactuca virosa L.) in 204 localities. Occurrence only of L. serriola was recorded at 166 sites, only L. virosa at 21 sites, and both at 17 sites. Prickly lettuce was observed equally in urban areas and along transport corridors outside cities. Population sizes varied from a few plants to hundreds of individuals. Opium lettuce was recorded most frequently along roads outside cities, with population sizes of several individuals to a dozen. Species succession in different elevational gradients was observed along three roads: R 60 (Los Andes – Portillo), G-27 (Cajón Maipú), and 115 (Lago Colbún – Lago del Maule). These observations indicate that: i) both allochthonous (Euroasian) wild Lactuca species occur and are able to regenerate in central Chile; ii) L. serriola forms dense populations in urbanized areas; iii) both species can expand along transport corridors to high elevations; iv) the spread of L. virosa and persistence of dense populations in elevations above 2,000 m a.s.l. prove the invasiveness of this species in extreme climates; v) both species should be monitored (and treated) both in urbanized and agricultural areas, as well as in unique local mountainous areas.
Prenosi
Literatura
Alexander, J. M. 2010: Genetic differences in the elevational limits of native and introduced Lactuca serriola populations. Journal of Biogeography 37: 1951–1961. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02335.x
Alexander, J. M. 2013: Evolution under changing climates: climatic niche stasis despite rapid evolution in a non-native plant. Proceedings of the Royal Society London, Series B 280: 20131446. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1446
Alexander, J. M. 2016: Experiments link competition and climate change response. Journal of Vegetation Science 27: 217–218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12388
Alexander, J. M., Naylor, B., Poll, M., Edwards, P. J. & Dietz, H. 2009a: Plant invasions along mountains roads: the altitudinal amplitude of alien Asteraceae forbs in their native and introduced ranges. Ecography 32: 334–344. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2008. 05605.x
Alexander, J. M., Poll, M., Dietz, H. & Edwards, P. J. 2009b: Contrasting patterns of genetic variation and structure in plant invasions of mountains. Diversity and Distributions 15: 502–512. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00555.x
Aschmann, H. 1991: Human impact on the biota of mediterranean climate regions of Chile and California. In Groves, R. H. & di Castri, F. eds. Biogegraphy of Mediterranean Invasions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Port Chester, Melbourne, Sydney, p. 33–42.
Boukema, I. W., Hazekamp, Th. & Hintum, Th. J. L. van 1990: The CGN Collection Reviews: The CGN Lettuce Collection. Centre for Genetic Resources, Wageningen, the Netherlands, p. 2–5.
Braun, U., Shin, H.D., Takamatsu, S., Meeboon, J., Kiss, L., Lebeda, A., Kitner, M. & Götz, M. 2019: Phylogeny and taxonomy of Golovinomyces orontii revisited. Mycological Progress 18: 335–357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s.11557-018-1453-y
Cousens, R., Dytham, C. & Law, R. 2008: Dispersal in Plants. A Population Perspective. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
di Castri, R. 1991: An ecological overview of the five regions with a mediterranean climate. In Groves, R. H. & di Castri, F. eds. Biogegraphy of Mediterranean Invasions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Port Chester, Melbourne, Sydney, p. 3–16.
Doležalová, I., Lebeda, A. & Křístková, E. 2001: Prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola L.) germplasm collecting and distribution study in Slovenia and Sweden, Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter 128: 41–44.
Feráková, V. 1977: The genus Lactuca L. in Europe. Univerzita Komenského, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia.
Fick, S. E. & Hijmans, R. J. 2017: WorldClim 2: new 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology 37: 4302–4315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086
Figueroa, J. A., Castro, S. A., Marquet, P. A. & Jaksic, F. A. 2004: Exotic plants invasions to the mediterranean region of Chile: causes, history and impacts. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 77: 465–483. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-078X2004000300006
Figueroa, J. A., Saldias, G., Teillier, S., Carrera, F. & Castro, S. A. 2020: Seed banks in urban vacant lots of a Latin American megacity are easily germinable and strongly dominated by exotic flora. Urban Ecosystems 23: 945–955. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-020-00986 -4
Fox, M. D. 1990: Mediterranean weeds: exchange of invasive plants between the five mediterranean regions of the world. In di Castri, F. & Hansen, A. J. eds. Biological Invasions in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Kluwer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, p. 179–200.
Fuentes, N., Pauchard, A., Sánchez, P., Esquivel, J. & Marticorena, A. 2013: A new comprehensive database of alien plant species in Chile based on herbarium records. Biological Invasions 5: 847–858. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-012-0334-6
Fuentes, N., Saldaňa, A., Kühn, I. & Klotz, S. 2015: Climatic and socio-economic factors determine the level of invasion by alien plants in Chile. Plant Ecology and Diversity 8: 371–377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2014.984003
Fuentes, N., Sánchez, P., Pauchard, A., Urrutia, J., Cavieres, L. & Marticorena, A. 2014: Plantas Invasoras del Centro-Sur de Chile: Una Guía de Campo. Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas (LIB), Concepción, Chile.
Gay, C. 1847: Historia fisica z politica de Chile. Botanica, Tomo Tercero. Museo de Historia Natural de Santiago, Chile.
Gärtner, E., Rojas, G. & Castro, S. A. 2015: Compositional patterns of ruderal herbs in Santiago, Chile (Patrones composicionales de hierbas ruderales en Santiago, Chile). Gayana Botanica 72: 192–202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-66432015000200003
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) 2019: GBIF occurrence. https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/924572232 (accessed 15 October 2019)
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) 2020: GBIF occurrence.
https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/search?country=CL&taxon_key=3140490 and https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/search?country=CL&taxon_key=3140346 (accessed 30 December 2020)
Global Crop Diversity Trust. 2019: Genesys global portal of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. https://www.genesys-pgr.org (accessed 15 October 2019)
Grulich, V. 2019: Lactuca L. In Kaplan, Z., Danihelka, J., Chrtek, J. jun., Kirschner, J., Kubát, K., Štech, M. & Štěpánek, J. eds. Klíč ke květeně České republiky (Key to the flora of the Czech Republic), Edition 2. Academia, Praha, Czech Republic, p. 1056–1057.
Guillerm, J. L. 1991: Weed invasion in agricultural areas. In Groves, R. H. & di Castri, F. eds. Biogegraphy of Mediterranean Invasions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Port Chester, Melbourne, Sydney, p. 379–392.
Hauck, L., Moreira-Muňoz, A. & Nezadal, W. 2016: La flora exótica ruderal del Parque Nacional La Campana, Región de Valparaiso, Chile central (The exotic ruderal flora of La Campana, Valparaiso region, central Chile). Gayana Botanica 73: 206–219. DOI: https://dx .doi.org/10.4067/S0717-66432016000200206
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 2019: World database on protected areas. https://protectedplanet.net/ (accessed 19 April 2019)
Jarvis, A., Reuter, H. I., Nelson, A. & Guevara, E. 2008: Hole-filled seamless SRTM data V4, International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org
Křístková, E., Lebeda, A., Novotná, A., Doležalová, I., & Berka, T. 2014: Morphological variation of Lactuca serriola L. achenes as a function of their geographic origin. Acta Botanica Croatica 73: 1–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/botcro-2013-0020
Lebeda, A., Doležalová, I., Feráková, V. & Astley, D. 2004: Geographical distribution of wild Lactuca species (Asteraceae, Lactuceae). Botanical Reviews 70: 328–356. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1663/0006-8101(2004)070[0328:GDOWLS]2.0.CO:2
Lebeda, A., Doležalová, I., Křístková, E., Dehmer, K. J., Astley, D., van de Wiel, C. C. M. & van Treuren, R. 2007b: Acquisition and ecological characterization of Lactuca serriola L. germplasm collected in the Czech Republic, Germany, the Netherlands and United Kingdom. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 54: 555–562. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-006-0012-6
Lebeda, A., Doležalová, I., Křístková, E. & Mieslerová, B. 2001: Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 48: 153–164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011265614395
Lebeda, A., Doležalová, I. & Novotná, A. 2012a: Wild and weedy Lactuca species, their distribution, ecogeography and ecobiology in USA and Canada. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 59: 1805–1822. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-012-9805-y
Lebeda, A., Kitner, M., Dziechciarková, M., Doležalová, I., Křístková, E. & Lindhout, P., 2009: An insight into the genetic polymorphism among European populations of Lactuca serriola assessed by AFLP. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 37: 597–608. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.bse.2009.10.010
Lebeda, A., Kitner, M., Křístková, E., Doležalová, I. & Beharav, A. 2012b: Genetic polymorphism in Lactuca aculeata populations and occurrence of natural putative hybrids between L. aculeata and L. serriola. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 42: 113–123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2012.02.008
Lebeda, A., Křístková, E., Doležalová, I., Kitner, M. & Widrlechner, M. P. 2019a: Chapter 5. Wild Lactuca species in North America. In Greene, S. L., Williams, K. A., Khoury, C. K., Kantar, M. B. & Marek, L. F. eds. North American Crop Wild Relatives, Volume 2. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, p. 131–194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97121-6_5
Lebeda, A., Křístková, E., Kitner, M., Majeský, Ľ., Doležalová, I., Khoury, C. K., Widrlechner, M. P., Hu, J., Carver, D., Achicanoy, H. A. & Sosa, C. C. 2019b: Research gaps and challenges in the conservation and use of North American wild lettuce germplasm. Crop Science 59: 2337–2356. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2019.05.0350
Lebeda, A., Křístková, E., Kitner, M., Mieslerová, B., Jemelková, M. & Pink, D. A. C. 2014: Wild Lactuca species, their genetic diversity, resistance to diseases and pests, and exploitation in lettuce breeding. European Journal of Plant Pathology 138: 597–640. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10658-013-0254-z
Lebeda, A. & Mieslerová, B. 2011. Taxonomy, distribution and biology of lettuce powdery mildew (Golovinomyces cichoracearum sensu stricto). Plant Pathology 60: 400–415. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02399.x
Lebeda, A., Petrželová, I. & Maryška, Z. 2008: Structure and variation in the wild-plant pathosystem: Lactuca serriola - Bremia lactucae. European Journal of Plant Pathology 122: 127–146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-008-9291-4
Lebeda, A., Pink, D. A. C. & Astley, D. 2002: Aspects of the interactions between wild Lactuca spp. and related genera and lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae). In Spencer-Phillips, P. T. N., Gisi, U. & Lebeda, A. eds. Advances in Downy Mildew Research. Kluwer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, p. 85–117.
Lebeda, A., Ryder, E. J., Grube, R., Doležalová, I. & Křístková, E., 2007a: Lettuce (Asteraceae; Lactuca spp.). In Singh, R. ed. Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement Series, Vol. 3 – Vegetable Crops. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, p. 377–472.
Lembrechts, J. J., Alexander, J. M., Cavieres, L. A., Haider, S., Lenoir, J., Kueffer, C., McDougall, K., Naylor, B. J., Nuńez, M. A., Pauchard, A., Rew, L. J., Nijs, I. & Milbau, A. 2017: Mountain roads shift native and non-native plant species’ ranges. Ecography 40: 353–364. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02200
Lembrechts, J. J., Pauchard, A., Lenoir, J., Nuñez, M. A., Geron, C., Vena, A., Bravo-Monasterio, P., Teneb, E., Nijs, I. & Milbau, A. 2016: Disturbance is the key to plant invasions in cold environments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) 113: 14061–14066. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas. 1608
Macaya, J., Faundez, L. & Serra, M. T. 1999: Lactuca virosa L. (Asteraceae), new record for the adventitious flora of Chile. Gayana Botanica 56: 141–143.
Marticorena, C. & Quezada, M. 1985: Catálogo de la flora vascular de Chile. Gayana Botanica 42: 5–157.
McDougall, K. L., Khuroo, A. A., Loope, L. L., Parks, C. G., Pauchard, A., Reshi, Z. A., Rushworth, I. & Kueffer, Ch. 2011: Plant Invasions in Mountains: Global Lessons for Better Management. Mountain Research Developments 31: 380–387. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10. 1659/M.RD.JOURNAL.0.11.00082.1
McDougall, K. L., Lembrechts, J., Rew, L. J., Haider, S., Cavieres, L. A., Kueffer, C., Milbau, A., Naylor, B. J., Nuŭz, M. A., Pauchard, A., Seipel, T., Speziale, K. L., Wright, G. T. & Alexander, J. M. 2018: Running off the road: roadside non-native plants invading mountain vegetation. Biological Invasions 20: 3461–3473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-018-1787-z
Mieslerová, B., Kitner, M., Křístková, E., Majeský, L. & Lebeda, A. 2020: Powdery mildews on Lactuca species – a complex view of host–pathogen interactions. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 39: 44–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2020.1752439
Montenegro, G., Tellier, S., Arce, P. & Poblete, V. 1991: Introduction of plants into the mediterranean-type climate area of Chile. In Groves, R. H. & di Castri, F. eds. Biogegraphy of Mediterranean Invasions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Port Chester, Melbourne, Sydney, p. 103–114.
Myers, N., 1990: The Biodiversity Challenge: Expanded Hot-Spots Analysis. The Environmentalist 10: 243–256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02239720
Novoa Quezada, P. & Matus Ardiles, M. 2013: Flora de la region de Valparaiso. Patrimonio z Estado de Conservación. Jardín Botánico Nacional. GSR Valparaiso, Chile.
Novotná, A., Doležalová, I. Lebeda, A., Kršková, M. & Berka, T. 2011: Morphological variability of achenes of some European populations of Lactuca serriola L. Flora 206: 473–483. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2010.09.012
Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F. G., Friendly, M., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., McGlinn, D. et al. 2020: Vegan-community ecology package, version 2.5-7. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/vegan/index.html (accessed July 8, 2021)
Paiaro, V., Cabido, M. & Pucheta, E. 2011: Altitudinal distribution of native and alien plant species in roadside communities from central Argentina. Austral Ecology 36: 176–184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02134.x
Pauchard. A. & Alaback, P. B. 2004: Influence of elevation, land use, and landscape context on pattern of alien plant invasion along roadsides in púrotected areas of south-central Chile. Conservation Biology 18: 238–248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00300.x
Pauchard, A., Aguayo, M., Peňa, E. & Urrutia, R. 2006: Multiple effects of urbanization on the biodiversity of developing countries: The case of a fast-growing metropolitan area (Concepción, Chile). Biological Conservation 12: 272–281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.05.015
Pauchard, A., Cavieres, L., Bustamante, R., Becerra, P. & Rapoport, E. 2004: Increasing the understanding of plant invasions in southern South America: first symposium on Alien Plant Invasiomns in Chile. Biological Invasions 6: 255–257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BINV. 0000022137.61633.09
Pauchard, A., García, R. A., Langdon, B. & Fuentes, N. 2012: The invasion of non-native plants in Chile and their impact on biodiversity: history, current status, and challenges for management. In Figueroa, E. B. ed. Biodiversity Conservation in the Americas: Lessons and Policy. Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile, p. 133–165.
Pyšek, P., Richardson, D. M., Rejmánek, M., Webster, G. L., Williamson, M. & Kirschner, J. 2004: Alien plants in checklists and floras: towards better communication between taxonomists and ecologists. Taxon 53: 131–143.
Reiche, C. 1910: Flora de Chile, Tomo quinto. Imprenta Cervantes, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
Rodriguez, R., Marticorena, C., Alarcon, D., Baeza, C., Cavieres, L., Finot, V. L., Fuentes, N., Kiessling, A., Mihoc, M., Pauchard, A., Ruiz, E., Sanchez, P. & Marticorena, A. 2018: Catalogo de las plantas vasculares de Chile. Gayana Botanica 75, 1–430. http://www.gayanabotanica.cl/pdfs/2018/1/01_Rodriguez_et al_2018.pdf
Strother, J. L. 2006: 45. Lactuca. In Editorial Committee eds. Flora of North America and North of Mexico, vol 19. Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1. Oxford University Press, New York, USA, p. 259–263.
Teillier, S., Figueroa, J. A. & Castro, S. A. 2010: Espécies exóticas de la vertiente occidental de la cordillera de la Costa, Provincia de Valparaiso, Chile central (Alien species in the western slope of the Coastal Range, Valparaiso Province, Central Chile). Gayana Botanica 67: 27–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-66432010000100004
Ugarte, E., Lira, F., Fuentes, N. & Klotz, S. 2011: Vascular alien flora, Chile. Check List 7, p. 365–382. DOI: https://doi,org/10.15560/7.3.365
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization 2019: World Information and Early Warning System on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (WIEWS). http://www.fao.org/wiews/en/ (accessed 15 October 2019)
USDA National Plant Germplasm System 2019: GRIN Global Accessions. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/search.aspx (Accessed 15 October 2019)
Objavljeno
Kako citirati
Številka
Rubrike
Licenca
Avtorske pravice (c) 2021 ZRC-SAZU
![Creative Commons licenca](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png)
To delo je licencirano pod Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva-Nekomercialno-Brez predelav 4.0 mednarodno licenco.
Avtorji jamčijo, da je delo njihova avtorska stvaritev, da v njem niso kršene avtorske pravice tretjih oseb ali kake druge pravice. V primeru zahtevkov tretjih oseb se avtorji zavezujejo, da bodo varovali interese založnika ter da bodo povrnili morebitno škodo.
Podrobneje v rubriki: Prispevki