Razkrivanje delovanja vadozne cone alpskih kraških vodonosnikov: nova spoznanja iz sledilnega poskusa v jamskem sistemu Migovec (Julijske alpe, SZ Slovenija)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v52i2-3.13348Ključne besede:
kraški vodonosnik, nezasičena cona, sledilni poskus, Jadransko-Črnomorsko razvodje, Juilijske AlpePovzetek
Vodonosniki visokega in alpskega krasa so pomembni viri pitne vode. Dinamika toka skozi te vodonosnike je izjemno kompleksna, saj je njihova struktura posledica večfaznega, deloma glaciokraškega razvoja v tektonsko aktivnem območju. Debelina vadozne cone visokogorskih kraških vodonosnikov lahko presega dva kilometra. V članku predstavljamo in obravnavamo rezultate sledilnega poskusa v alpskem krasu Julijskih Alp (Slovenija), natančneje v Sistemu Migovec, najdaljšem jamskem sistemu v Sloveniji (dolžina = 43 km, globina = 972 m). Jama se razteza pod gorskim grebenom, ki ločuje dolini Soče in Save ter tako tvori topografsko ločnico med jadranskim in črnomorskim bazenom. V začetku septembra 2019 smo injicirali tri kilograme uranina v jezero Colarado, približno 900 metrov pod planoto in 100 metrov nad nizkovodnim nivojem podzemne vode. Znane izvire v dolinah na obeh straneh razvodnice smo spremljali z ročnim ali samodejnim vzorčenjem in terenskim fluorometrom. Do izjemnega padavinskega dogodka v začetka novembra sledila nismo zaznali na nobenem od opazovanih mest. Ob dogodku se je sledilo zanesljivo pojavilo le na vzorčevalnem mestu v zgornjem toku Tolminke, kjer je po grobi oceni v 60 urah prešlo 60-65 % mase sledila. Na drugih mestih je bil dvig koncentracije, zaradi odsotnosti sledila ali prevelikega razredčenja, premajhen, da bi lahko potrdili pojav sledila. Rezultati kažejo, da vadozni tokovi ob manjših dogodkih niso sprožili zaznavnega prenosa sledila, pač pa je do tega prišlo šele, ko je epifreatični tok ob izjemnem dogodku dosegel nivo vodnih teles s sledilom. Če upoštevamo celoten čas od injiciranja do zaznave sledila, je navidezna hitrost potovanja 1,7 m/h, ob predpostavki, da je sledilo mobiliziral novembrski padavinski dogodek, pa je navidezna hitrost 70 m/h. Študija opozarja na izzive in pasti pri sledenju vode v alpskih kraških sistemih ter predlaga načine, kako se jim izogniti.
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