Rodovne linije v alternativni duhovnosti: doživljanje delovanja prednikov prek duhovne energije
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3986/SMS20262909Ključne besede:
alternativna duhovnost, delovanje mrtvih, predniki, duhovna energija, moralni esencializemPovzetek
Članek predstavlja rezultate etnografske raziskave, izvedene v Bratislavi, glavnem mestu Slovaške, med ljudmi, ki sledijo različnim duhovnim idejam in praksam. Obravnavam vlogo rodovnih linij pri oblikovanju načina, kako ljudje doživljajo delovanje mrtvih. Trdim, da so znotraj urbanih duhovnih miljejev rodovne linije povezane s konceptom energije, ki povezuje svet pokojnih s svetom živih. Specifična kulturna okolja vplivajo na pojmovanje osebnosti oziroma osebe in posledično na izkušnje delovanja prednikov. Osredotočenost na individualizem, skupaj z moralnim poudarkom na osebnem razvoju, vodi do specifičnih interpretacij teh izkušenj ter do posebne vrste esencializma, utemeljenega na moralnem presojanju.
Prenosi
Literatura
Ališauskienė, Milda. 2017. Introduction: New Religions in Eastern Europe: New Forms, Recent Developments. Nova Religio 20 (3): 8–12. DOI: 10.1525/nr.2017.20.3.8.
Atkinson, Jane. 1992. Shamanisms Today. Annual Review of Anthropology 21: 307–330.
Atran, Scott. 1998. Folk Biology and the Anthropology of Science: Cognitive Universals and Cultural Particulars. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21 (4): 547–569.
Aupers, Stef and Dick Houtman, eds. 2010. Religions of Modernity. Relocating the Sacred to the Self and Digital. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
Barret, Clark, Alexander Bolyanatz, Tanya Broesch, Emma Cohen, Peggy Froerer, Martin Kanovsky, Mariah G. Schug and Laurence Stephen. 2021. Intuitive Dualism and Afterlife Beliefs: A Cross-Cultural Study. Cognitive Science 45 (6): e12992. DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12992.
Bastian, Brock and Nick Haslam. 2006. Psychological Essentialism and Stereotype Endorsement. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 42 (2): 228–235. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2005.03.003.
Bering, Jesse. 2002. Intuitive Conceptions of Dead Agents’ Minds: The Natural Foundations of Afterlife Beliefs as Phenomenological Boundary. Journal of Cognition and Culture 2 (4): 263–308. DOI: 10.1163/15685370260441008.
Boddy, Janice. 1994. Spirit Possession Revisited: Beyond Instrumentality. Annual Review of Anthropology 23: 407–434.
Boring, Francesca M. 2012. Connecting to Our Ancestral Past: Healing through Family Constellations, Ceremony, and Ritual. Berkeley, Calif.: North Atlantic Books.
Bowman, Marion. 2002. Contemporary Celtic Spirituality. In Belief Beyond Boundaries: Wicca, Celtic Spirituality and the New Age, ed. Joanne Pearson, 55–102. London: Routledge.
Boyer, Pascal. 2001. Religion Explained. New York: Basic Books.
Butler, Jenny. 2015. Remembrance of the Ancestors in Contemporary Paganism: Lineage, Identity, and Cultural Belonging in the Irish Context. Journal of the Irish Society for the Academic Study of Religions 2 (1): 94–118.
Bužeková, Tatiana. 2012. Modern Faces of Ancient Wisdom: Neo-Shamanic Practices in a Slovak Urban Environment. In Ritual, Conflict and Consensus: Case Studies from Asia and Europe, eds. Michaela Ferencová, Christopher Jahoda, Helmut Lukas and Gabriela Kiliánová, 75–90. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Academie der Wissenschaften.
Bužeková, Tatiana. 2024. Commemoration of the Dead in the Context of Alternative Spirituality: Collective and Solitary Rituals. Religions 15 (5): 626. DOI: 10.3390/rel15050626.
Bužeková, Tatiana. 2025. Right Place, Right Behaviour: Deathscapes as a Moral Space in the Context of Alternative Spirituality in Slovakia. Folklore 96: 115–138. DOI: 10.7592/FEJF2025.96.buzhekova.
Ciofalo, Nuria. 2023. Mexican Indigenous Psychologies, Cosmovisons, and Altered States of Consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies 30 (5-6): 103–122.
Cohen, Dan B. 2006. Family Constellations: An Innovative Systemic Phenomenological Group Process from Germany. The Family Journal 14 (3): 226–233.
Cohen, Emma. 2008. Conceptualizing Spirit Possession: Ethnographic and Experimental Evidence. Ethos 36 (2): 246–267. DOI: 10.1111/j.1548-1352.2008.00013.x.
Cohen, Emma and Justin L. Barrett. 2011. In Search of ‘Folk Anthropology’: The Cognitive Anthropology of the Person. In In Search of Self: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Personhood, eds. J. Wentzel van Huyssteen and Erik Wiebe, 104–124. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans.
Crandall, John J. and Debra L. Martin. 2014. The Bioarchaeology of Postmortem Agency: Integrating Archaeological Theory with Human Skeletal Remains. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 24 (3): 429–435. DOI: 10.1017/S0959774314000584.
Davy, Barbara Jane. 2023. Inclusive Heathens Practice Ancestor Veneration, but Not Pride in Ancestry. Nova Religio 26 (3): 30–51. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/882338 (accessed 20.9.2025).
Douglas, Mary. 1966. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. London: Routledge.
Dyndová, Helena. 2020. Contemporary Czech Shamanism: A Case Study of Ritual Practice and Healing. Český lid 107 (2): 149–166. DOI: 10.21104/CL.2020.2.02.
Dyndová, Helena. 2024. Contemporary Shamanism and Alternative Spirituality: Exploring Relationships and Intersections. Religio 32 (1): 47–70.
Dyndová, Helena. 2025. Léčivé energie a holismus: Alternativní medicína v éře terapeutické kultury. Dingir 28 (1): 15–17.
Ela, 1984, Bratislava, 12.1.2024. Audio record of the interview is being preserved by the author.
The Foundation for Shamanic Studies. n.d.a. Core Shamanism. https://www.shamanism.org/core-shamanism/ (accessed 20.9.2025).
The Foundation for Shamanic Studies. n.d.b. Certificates of Completion. https://www.shamanism.org/workshops/certificates-of-completion/ (accessed 20.9.2025).
Fuller, Robert C. 2001. Spiritual but Not Religious: Understanding Unchurched America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Galovič, Roman. 2021. Revelation of the Continents of Imagination. Anthropology of Consciousness 33 (1): 112–142. DOI: 10.1111/anoc.12145.
Giddens, Anthony. 1991. Modernity and Self-Identity. Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Glidden, Catherine. 1995. Lines of Descent: Of Umbilical Cords, Ancestors and Ahupua’a. Rapa Nui Journal 9 (2): 39–45.
Greenwood, Susan. 2000. Magic, Witchcraft and the Otherworld: An Anthropology. Oxford, New York: Berg.
Grof, Stanislav. 1988. The Adventure of Self-Discovery. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Gyimesi, Júlia. 2023. Family Constellation Therapy in the Context of Esotericism. Perspectives on Psychological Science 18 (4): 749–761. DOI: 10.1177/17456916221120424.
Hanegraaff, Wouter J. 2000. New Age Religion and Secularization. Numen 47 (3): 288–312.
Harper, Sheila. 2010. The Social Agency of Dead Bodies. Mortality 15 (4): 308–322. DOI: 10.1080/13576275.2010.513163.
Heelas, Paul. 1996. The New Age Movement: The Celebration of the Self and the Sacralization of Modernity. London: Blackwell.
Heelas, Paul, Linda Woodhead, Benjamin Seel, Bronislaw Szerszynski and Karin Tusting. 2005. The Spiritual Revolution: Why Religion is Giving Way to Spirituality. Oxford: Blackwell.
Heiphetz, Larisa. 2020. Chapter Six – The Development and Consequences of Moral Essentialism. Advances in Child Development and Behavior 59: 165–194. DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.05.006.
Hill, Erica and Jon B. Hageman. 2016. Leveraging the Dead: The Ethnography of Ancestors. In The Archaeology of Ancestors: Death, Memory, and Veneration, eds. Erica Hill and Jon B. Hageman, 3–41. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813062518.003.0001.
Houtman, Dick and Stef Aupers. 2010. Religions of Modernity. Relocating the Sacred to the Self and Digital. In Religions of Modernity. Relocating the Sacred to the Self and Digital, eds. Stef Aupers and Dick Houtman, 1–29. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
Houtman, Dick and Paul Tromp. 2021. Post-Christian Spirituality: Misconceptions, Obstacles, Prospects. In Assessing Spirituality and Religion in a Diversified World: Beyond the Mainstream Perspective, eds. Amy L. Ai, Kevin A. Harris and Paul Wink, 35–57. New York: Springer.
Howard, Cosmo. 2007. Contested Individualization: Debates about Contemporary Personhood. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hudson, Martyn. 2023. Social Ghosts and the Dead of World History: Ghost Theory. London: Routledge.
Hume, Lynne. 2013. Ancestral Power: The Dreaming, Consciousness and Aboriginal Australians. Melbourne: Melbourne University Publishing.
Hutton, Roland. 2017. The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present. Yale: Yale University Press.
Igreja, Victor. 2018. Spirit Possession. In The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology, ed. Hilary Callan, 1–9. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.
Itao, Kenji and Kunihiko Kaneko. 2022. Emergence of Kinship Structures and Descent Systems: Multi-Level Evolutionary Simulation and Empirical Data Analysis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 289 (1969): 20212641. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2641.
Iveta, 1983, Bratislava, 19.6.2025. Audio record of the interview is being preserved by the author.
Ivnik, Tina. 2025. Afterlife Beliefs and Dream Encounters with the Dead among Adherents of Alternative Spiritualities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Studia Mythologica Slavica 28, 119–141. DOI: 10.3986/SMS20252806.
Jerotijević, Danijela. 2025. Kruh ako útočisko: spiritualita, bezpečie a ženská komunita v súčasnej spoločnosti. Český lid 112 (3): 323–350. DOI: 10.21104/CL.2025.3.04.
Jerotijević, Danijela and Martina Hagovská. 2019. The Role of Group Experience in Alternative Spiritual Gatherings. Human affairs 29 (1): 48–62.
Joshanloo, Mohsen and Dan Weijers. 2024. Ideal Personhood through the Ages: Tracing the Genealogy of the Modern Concepts of Wellbeing. Frontiers in Psychology 15: 1494506. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1494506.
Kahaka, Makotoka and Wazha Maundeni. 2022. Comparing Some Traditional Western and African Conceptions of Personhood. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 2 (5): 57–62. DOI: 10.24018/ejsocial.2022.2.5.308.
Kehoe, Alice. 1997. Eliade and Hultkrantz: The European Primitivism Tradition. The American Indian Quarterly 20 (3-4): 377–392. DOI: 10.2307/1185783.
Kostićová, Zuzana. 2023. Fenomén spirituální „energie“ jako centrální motiv alternativní spirituality: Kamila „Kamu“ Chadimová a její Vesmír. Gender a výzkum 24 (2): 119–145.
Kostićová, Zuzana. 2025. Posvátné energie: Význam a původ klíčového pojmu alternativní spirituality. Dingir 28 (1): 10–12.
Kristina, 1963, Bratislava, 16.6.2025. Audio record of the interview is being preserved by the author.
Lan, David. 1985. Guns & Rain: Guerrillas & Spirit Mediums in Zimbabwe. Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House.
Lebaka, Morakeng E. 2019. Ancestral Beliefs in Modern Cultural and Religious Practices – The Case of the Bapedi Tribe. Theological Studies 75 (1): a5173. DOI: 10.4102/hts.v75i1.5173.
Lena, 1984, Bratislava, 14.1.2024. Audio record of the interview is being preserved by the author.
Luhrmann, Tanya. 1989. Persuasions of the Witches’ Craft: Ritual Magic in Contemporary England. Harvard: Harvard University Press.
Luhrmann, Tanya. 1993. The Resurgence of Romanticism. London: Routledge.
Luz, Gonçalo. 2024. What Is a Men’s Circle? Inner Outer Journeys (blog), 1 April. https://www.innerouterjourneys.com/blog/2024/4/7/what-is-a-mens-circle (accessed 20.9.2025).
Magliocco, Sabina. 2015. New Age and Neopagan Magic. In The Cambridge History of Magic and Witchcraft in the West: From Antiquity to the Present, ed. David J. Collins, 635–664. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Marchery, Edouard, Christopher Y. Olivola, Hyundeuk Cheon, Irma T. Kurniawan, Carlos Mauro, Noel Struchiner and Harry Susiantoi. 2023. Is Identity Essentialism a Fundamental Feature of Human Cognition? Cognitive Science 47 (5): e13292. DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13292.
McNamara, Rita, Aiyana Willard, Ara Norenzayan and Joseph Henrich. 2018. Weighing Outcome vs. Intent across Societies: How Cultural Models of Mind Shape Moral Reasoning. Cognition 182: 95–108. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.09.008.
Mencej, Mirjam. 2024. The Dead in Vernacular Magic Practices among Bosniaks. Religions 15 (5): 605. DOI: 10.3390/rel15050605.
Mencej, Mirjam. 2025. Uncanny Experience and Its Meaning-Making as Moral Experience. Numen 72 (4): 345–371. DOI: 10.1163/15685276-07204010.
Mira, 1974, Bratislava, 26.9.2024. Audio record of the interview is being preserved by the author.
Nemčíková, Magdaléna, Daša Oremusová, Tomáš Havlíček and Alfred Krogmann. 2023. Religious Affiliation in Czechia and Slovakia: Comparison and Regional Differentiation. Geografický časopis / Geographical Journal 75 (4): 409–427.
Neufeld, Eleonore. 2022. Psychological Essentialism and the Structure of Concepts. Philosophy Compass 17 (5): e12823. DOI: 10.1111/phc3.12823.
Payne, Richard C. 2012. Agency and Ambiguity in Communication with the Ancestors: Spirit Possession, Ancestral Transformation, and the Conflicts of Modernity among the Benuaq. In Ancestors in Borneo Societies: Death, Transformation, and Social Immortality, eds. Kenneth Sillander and Pascal Couderc, 313–355. Copenhagen: NIAS Press. https://helda.helsinki.fi/items/6b114fc1-d6ab-4b9c-ace7-8ed09221ad84 (accessed 18.6.2026).
Pearson, Joanne. 2002. The History and Development of Wicca and Paganism. London: Routledge.
Podolecka, Agnieszka and Leslie Nthoi. 2021. Esotericism in Botswana: Shamanism, Ancestral Reverence and New Age. Aries 22 (2): 260–286. DOI: 10.1163/15700593-20211008.
Ragnar, 1985, Bratislava, 27.9.2024. Audio record of the interview is being preserved by the author.
Richman, Karen. 2020. Possession and Attachment: Notes on Moral Ritual Communication among Haitian Descent Groups. In Spirited Things: The Work of “Possession” in Afro-Atlantic Religions, ed. Paul Ch. Johnson, 207–224. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Roazzi, Maira Monteiro, Carl N. Johnson, Melanie Nyhof, Silvia Helena Koller, Antonio Roazzi. 2015. Vital Energy and Afterlife: Implications for Cognitive Science of Religion. Paidéia 25 (61): 145–152. DOI: 10.1590/1982-43272561201502.
Robert, 1963, Bratislava, 20.9.2023. Audio record of the interview is being preserved by the author.
Roothaan, Angela and Saheed Bello. 2024. Genealogies of Vital Force: ‘Ntu,’ ‘Àsẹ,’ and Conceptual Lines of Descent. Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics 47 (1): 63–74.
Sage, Vanessa. 2009. Encountering the Wilderness, Encountering the Mist: Nature, Romanticism, and Contemporary Paganism. Anthropology of Consciousness 20 (1): 27–52. DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-3537.2009.01009.x.
Samuel, 1991, Bratislava, 7.9.2023. Audio record of the interview is being preserved by the author.
Scott, Matthew J. 2022. Reasons Things Happen for a Reason: An Integrative Theory of Teleology. Perspectives on Psychological Science 17 (2): 452–464. DOI: 10.1177/1745691621995753.
Seigfried, Karl E. H. 2021. Children of Heimdall: Ásatrú Ideas of Ancestry. In Radical Transformations in Minority Religions, eds. Beth Singler and Eileen Barker, 39–54. London: Routledge.
Smoczyński, Rafał. 2016. Mapping New Religious Movements in Central and Eastern Europe: Approaching the Problem. In Focus on Religion in Central and Eastern Europe: A Regional View, eds. András Máté-Tóth and Gergely Rosta, 157–174. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. DOI: 10.1515/9783110228120-006.
Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2021. Population – Basic Results: Number of Population by Religious Belief in the Slovak Republic at 1. 1. 2021. https://www.scitanie.sk/en/population/basic-results/structure-of-population-by-religious-belief/SR/SK0/SR (accessed 29.4.2026).
Stuckrad, Kocku von. 2002. Reenchanting Nature: Modern Western Shamanism and Nineteenth-Century Thought. Journal of the American Academy of Religion 70 (4): 771–799.
Sutcliffe, Steven and Marion Bowman, eds. 2000. Beyond New Age. Exploring Alternative Spirituality. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Swan-Foster, Nora. 2020. C. G. Jung’s Influence on Art Therapy and the Making of the Third. Psychological Perspectives 63 (1): 67–94. DOI: 10.1080/00332925.2020.1739467.
Teresa, 1961, Bratislava, 18.10.2024. Audio record of the interview is being preserved by the author.
Tížik, Miroslav. 2006. K sociológii novej religiosity. Bratislava: Comenius University.
Tížik, Miroslav. 2022. Forms of Non/Religiosity in Slovakia after 1989. Religions 13 (7): 605. DOI: 10.3390/rel13070605.
Tížik, Miroslav. 2023. Changes of Worldview Structures in the Czech Republic and Slovakia After 1990. Methodological Aspects of Measuring Religiosity and “Nones”. Sociológia 55 (4): 434–464. DOI: 10.31577/sociologia.2023.55.4.16.
Van der Hoeven, Joanna. 2022. The Path of the Hedge Witch: Simple Natural Magic and the Art of Hedge Riding. Woodbury: Llewellyn Worldwide.
Vincett, Giselle and Linda Woodhead. 2009. Spirituality. In Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations, eds. Linda Woodhead, Hiroko Kaeanami and Christopher Partridge, 319–337. London: Routledge.
Vorhölter, Julia. 2024. Agency. In The Open Encyclopedia of Anthropology, ed. Rachel Cantave. Online. DOI: 10.29164/24agency.
Wagner, Wolfgang. 2024. Natural Origins of Social Essentialism: Ethnic Groups, Identities, and Cultural Transmission. Culture & Psychology 30 (3): 757–779. DOI: 10.1177/1354067X241236722.
Watts, Galen. 2022. The Religion of the Heart: “Spirituality” in Late Modernity. American Journal of Cultural Sociology 10 (1): 1–33.
White, Ethan Doyle. 2015. Wicca: History, Belief & Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
Wixwat, Maria and Gerard Saucier. 2021. Being Spiritual but Not Religious. Current Opinion in Psychology 40: 121–25.
Zen My Mind. (n.d.) The Power of Seven Generations. https://zenmymind.co.uk/the-power-ofseven-generations-how-your-ancestors-shape-your-life/ (accessed 29.4.2026).
Znamenski, Andrei. 2007. The Beauty of the Primitive: Shamanism and the Western Imagination. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Prenosi
Objavljeno
Kako citirati
Številka
Rubrike
Licenca
To delo je licencirano pod Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva 4.0 mednarodno licenco.
Avtorji jamčijo, da je delo njihova avtorska stvaritev, da v njem niso kršene avtorske pravice tretjih oseb ali kake druge pravice. V primeru zahtevkov tretjih oseb se avtorji zavezujejo, da bodo varovali interese založnika ter da bodo povrnili morebitno škodo.
Podrobneje v rubriki: Prispevki
