Effects of the Tectonic Movements on the Karstification in Anatolia, Turkey

Abstract

V Turčiji so razvite različne kraške oblike, škraplje, jame, vrtače, uvale in polja. Zakrasevanje je odvisno tudi od tektonskih premikanj. Dobro razvite kraške oblike, kot velika polja, podzemeljski tokovi in jamski sistemi, so na široko razviti v mezozojskih apnencih v gorovju Taurus. Z dvigom Taurusa konec mezozoika se je na splošno pričelo zakrasevanje. V nekaterih velikih poljih so bila v neogenu jezera, v katerih sta se odlagala apnenec in glina. Sladkovodna jezera, kot Beyºehir in Egirdir, so v tektonsko-kraških depresijah. Sistemi podzemeljskih rek so med jezersko regijo (zahodni Taurus) in sredozemsko obalo. Ti sistemi so se spustili v globlje dele apnenčevega masiva zaradi napredovanja zakrasevanja in dviga Taurusa (zgornji terciar, spodnji kvartar). Jame so nastale kot rezultat teh navpičnih tektonskih premikov, zaradi katerih se je znižala erozijska baza. In tako se je proces zakrasevanja prestavil iz višjih v globlje dele Taurusa.

Turkey has several types of karstic land-forms containing lapies (karren), caves, dolines, uvalas and poljes. Karstification is related also to the tectonic movements. Well-developed karstic features such as wide poljes, ground water and cave system are widespread in/on the Mesozoic comprehensive limestone in the Taurus Mountains. Karstification begun to develop towards the end of the Mesozoic by the uplift movements of the Taurus Mountains in general. Some large poljes were occupied by the Neogene lakes in which lime and clay accumulated. The fresh water lakes such as Lake Beyºehir and Egirdir are found in the tectonic-karstic depressions. Underground river systems are found between the Lake Region (western Taurus) and Mediterranean coast. These river systems have been shifted towards the deeper parts of the limestone as the result of the progress of karstification and the vertical uplift of the Taurus Mountains (upper Tertiary, Early Quaternary). Caves formed as the result of vertical tectonic movements. These movements caused the lowering of the base level. So the karstification process have shifted from the upper level to deeper parts of the Taurus.