The vertical electrical sounding (VES) of the epikarst: A case study of the covered karst of the Bakony region (Hungary)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v52i2-3.12149Keywords:
Bakony Region, epikarst, VES measurement, resistance, karstification, covered karstAbstract
The epikarsts of five covered karst areas in the Bakony region are compared. The comparison is based on the specific resistances of the bedrock resistance averages measured by vertical electrical sounding (VES). The average largest specific resistance differences (per area) and the mean values (per profile) were calculated to investigate the characteristics of the epikarst. The mean values of specific resistance were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine whether the specific resistances of the areas showed significant differences. The studied karst areas can be categorised as high or low specific resistance areas, and the ANOVA method could be applied to three areas based on the available data. It can be concluded that the mean values of their specific resistances are significantly different. The mean values and standard deviation of the specific resistances of the different areas were analysed. It is described that the karst receives less water in the case of areas with lower specific resistance, while it receives more water in the case of areas with higher specific resistance. Areas with a high specific resistance are less karstified, while areas with a low specific resistance are more karstified. Low specific resistances and small mean values indicate a higher degree of cavity formation in the epikarst, while the decrease in mean values and standard deviation indicates increasing uniformity of the degree of cavity formation in the epikarst. The different degree of cavity formation is explained by the different karstification rates and the exposure of different time of certain areas.
Downloads
References
Bakalowitz M. (2005): A challenge for new resources – Hydrogeology Journal 13(1) pp. 148-160. DOI 10.1007/510040-004-0402-9
Bakalowicz M., Blavoux B. & Mangin A., (1974) - Apports du traçage isotopique naturel à la connaissance du fonctionnement d’un système karstique. Teneurs en oxygène 18 de trois systèmes des Pyrénées, France. Journal of Hydrology, 23: 141-158.
Bakalowicz M (2019) Epikarst. In: William B. White, David C. Culver, Tanja Pipan (eds) Encyclopedia of Caves 394-398
Bíró B. (1969): A Halimbai és Nyírádi bauxit előfordulások karsztos fekvője (The karstic bedrock of bauxite occurrences of Halimba and Nyírád) – Bull. of the Hungarian Geol. Soc. 99 pp. 98-204. (in Hungarian)
Bulla B (1968) A magyar föld domborzata fejlődésének ritmusai, az újharmadkor óta a korszerű geomorfológiai szemlélet megvilágításában (The phases of the Terrain Development of Hungary since the Lower Tertiary in perspective of the modern geomorphological view). Válogatott természeti földrajzi tanulmányok, Akadémia Kiadó, Budapest: 90-104. (in Hungarian)
Császár G, Csereklei E, Gyalog L (1981) A Bakony-hegység földtani térképe (szerk.) (Geological map of the Bakony Mountains) Magyar Állami Földtani Intézet, Budapest (in Hungarian)
Falus I., Olé J. (2008): Az empirikus kutatások gyakorlata. (The practical aspects of empirical research, data processing, and statistical analysis). Adatfeldolgozás és Statisztikai elemzés. Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, pp. 285-288. (in Hungarian)
Fodor B. (2022) docplayer.hu/42491756-Kiserlettervezesi alapfogalmak-varianciaelemzes-analysis-of-variance-anova.html (2022.11.18)
Jaskó S. (1961) A balatonfelvidéki és északbakonyi patakok vízhozamának kapcsolata a földtani felépítéssel (The relation of discharge of the streams of Balaton Highlands and Northern Bakony with geological structure). Hidrológiai Közlöny, 41.(1):75-84. (in Hungarian)
Jones W.K. (2004): Physical Structure of the Epikarst. – https://ojs.ztc-sazu.si/carsologica/article/view/672
Kercsmár, Z., Selmeczi, I., Budai, T., Less, G., Konrád, G. (2022). Geology of the Karst Terrains in Hungary. In: Veress, M., Leél-Őssy, S. (eds) Cave and Karst Systems of Hungary. Cave and Karst Systems of the World. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92960-2_4
Klimchouk A.B., 1987 - Conditions and peculiarities of karstification into near surface zone of carbonaceous massives. Caves of Georgia, 11: 54-65. (Russian with English summary).
Klimchouk A.B., 2004 - Towards defining, delimiting and classifying epikarst: its origin, processes and variants of geomorphic evolution. In: Jones, W.K., Culver, D.C. & Herman, J.S. (Eds.) – Epikarst. Special Publication 9. Charles Town, WV: Karst Waters Institute: 23-35.
Mangin, A. (1975) Contribution a l’etude hydrodynamique des aquiferes karstiques. Univ. Dijon These Doct. es. Sci. [Annales et Speleologie, 29(3), 283–332; 29(4), 495–601, 1974; 30(1), 21–124, 1975.]
Mindszenty, A., Sebe, K. (2022). Paleokarst in Hungary. In: Veress, M., Leél-Őssy, S. (eds) Cave and Karst Systems of Hungary . Cave and Karst Systems of the World. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92960-2_5
Palmer A.N., 2004 - Growth and modification of epikarst. In: Jones, W.K., Culver, D.C. & Herman, J.S. (Eds.) – Epikarst. Charles Town, WV: Karst Waters Institute, Special Publication 9: 56-61.
Pécsi M. (1963) Hegylábi (pediment) felszínek a magyarországi középhegységekben (Pediment Surfaces in Hungarian Central Mountains). Földrajzi Közlemények 11(3):195-212. (in Hungarian)
Pécsi M. (1970) Surfaces planation in the Hungarian Mountains and their relevance pedimentation. Akadémia Kiadó, Budapest (Studies in Geography in Hungary 8):29-40.
Pécsi M. (1980) A Pannóniái-medence morfogenetikája (The Morphogenesis of the Pannonian basin) Földrajzi Értesítő 29: 105-127. (in Hungarian)
Pécsi M. 1991 Geomorfológia és domborzatminősítés. (Geomorphology and relief classification). Földrajz Tudományi Kutató Intézet, Budapest 296 p. (in Hungarian)
Szabó P Z. (1968) A magyarországi karsztosodás fejlődéstörténeti vázlata (An evolutionary outline of Hungarian karstification) Dunántúli Tud. Gyűjtemény 80: 13-25. (in Hungarian)
Szabó P. (1956) Magyarországi karsztformák klímatörténeti vonatkozásai (Relations between climate and karst features in Hungary). Földrajzi Közlemények 80:183-189. (in Hungarian)
Veress M. (2019): Shaft Lengths and Shaft Development Types in the Vadose Zone of the Bakony Region (Transdanubian Mountains, Hungary), Journal of Soil and Water Science 3(1) pp. 167-186.
Veress M. (2022): The surface morphology of karsts in Hungary. In: Veress M, Leél-Őssy Sz. Cave and Karst Systems of Hungary pp. 179-247 DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-92960-2_8 pp.
Williams P.W. 2008: The role of the epikarst in karst and cave hydrogeology. A review. – International Journal of Speleology 37(1) pp. 1-10.
Williams, P. W. (1972): Morphometric analysis of polygonal karst in New Guinea – Geol. Soc. of America Bulletin
Williams, P. W. (1983): The role of the subcutaneous zone in karst hydrology – J. Hydrol. 61. p. 45-67.
Williams, P.W. (1985): Subcutaneous hydrology and the development of doline and cockpit karst. Zeits. f. Geomorphology, 29(4), pp. 463-482.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors guarantee that the work is their own original creation and does not infringe any statutory or common-law copyright or any proprietary right of any third party. In case of claims by third parties, authors commit their self to defend the interests of the publisher, and shall cover any potential costs.
More in: Submission chapter
