Negativna hermenevtika in pojem literarne vede

Avtorji

  • Francisco Serra Lopes

Ključne besede:

literarna veda, literarna interpretacija, hermenevtika

Povzetek

Spreminjajoči se pomeni negativnosti v kontekstu interpretativnih praks izražajo različne ali celo divergentne hevristične strategije, ki se dvoumno imenujejo »negativna hermenevtika«. Izraz je leta 1965 uporabil Paul Ricoeur, ko je Nietzschejevega Zaratustro obtožil upora proti krščanstvu, zaradi katerega je manj pomemben od pravega preroka. V zgodnjih sedemdesetih letih je Fredric Jameson na marksističen način uporabil razliko med pozitivno in negativno hermenevtiko, pri čemer je zadnjo sekulariziral in oplemenitil sum kot strategijo za razkritje ideologije, čeprav je zagovarjal njuno istočasno uporabo. Na Jamesona sta vplivala Hegel (subjekt sive negativnost) in Adorno (tvegana izbira besed in negativne dialektike). Ne moremo zagotovo vedeti, ali Heglov koncept negativnega določa želja po razumevanju subjekta kot negativnosti prek tega, kar bi Bloom imenoval namerna napačna razlaga negativne teologije. Treba pa je opozoriti, da se pri Heglu koncepti in stvari, na katere se ti koncepti nanašajo, bistveno razlikujejo in edina možnost njihove identifikacije je medsebojna negacija, kar pomeni, da so njihove identitete pravzaprav negativnosti. Negacija zato neizbežno spodkopava pozitivnost razuma. Neoplatonski prizvoki Heglovega razumevanja negativnosti lahko tako zakrijejo sporočilo apofatičnega misticizma v njegovih besedilih. Semiotični asketizem negativne teologije se je občasno slavil kot manihejsko sprejetje zla ali »nepravilnosti« v jeziku, ki ga najdemo v Bloomovi »napačni razlagi«, Foucaultovi »hermenevtiki nevedenja« (po mnenju Johna Caputa), Derridajevi »différance« itd. Po Heideggerjevi študiji »resnice« kot konfliktnega pojma je Wolfgang Iser (recepcijska teorija) trdil, da negativnost ni nekaj, kar moramo premagati, ampak je, kot je nedavno izjavil tudi Nicholas Davey, prej značilnost pomena, bistven za – in ki zahteva – samospoznanje: negativna hermenevtika neomarksističnih teoretikov se idejno na novo interpretira prek krščanske eksegeze.

Literatura

Adorno, Theodor Wiesengrund. Negative Dialectics. New York: Continuum, 1983.

Agamben, Giorgio. Language and Death: The Place of Negativity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006.

Bernauer, James, & Jeremy Carrette. Michel Foucault and Theology: The Politics of Religious Experience. Hampshire, UK: Ashgate, 2004.

Blanchot, Maurice. The Book to Come. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford UP, 2002.

Bloom, Harold. A Map of Misreading. New York: Oxford UP, 1975.

– – –. Kabbalah and Criticism. New York: Continuum, 1981.

Budick, Sanford, & Wolfgang Iser, eds. Languages of the Unsayable: The Play of Negativity in Literature and Literary Theory. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford UP, 1996.

Caputo, John D. More Radical Hermeneutics. Bloomington, IN: Indiana UP, 2000.

– – –. Radical Hermeneutics: Repetition, Deconstruction, and the Hermeneutic Project. Bloomington, IN: Indiana UP, 1987.

Carlson, Thomas. Indiscretion. Chicago: Chicago UP, 1999.

De Certeau, Michel. The Mystic Fable: The Sixteenth and the Seventeenth Centuries. Chicago: Chicago UP, 1995.

Davey, Nicholas. Unquiet Understanding. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2006.

Davies, Oliver, & Denys Turner, eds. Silence and the Word. New York: Cambridge UP, 2005.

De Man, Paul. The Resistance to Theory. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.

Derrida, Jacques. “How to Avoid Speaking: Denegations.” 1986. Derrida and Negative Theology. Eds. Harold Coward and Toby Foshay. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1992. 73–142.

– – –. Limited Inc. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1988.

Dunayevskaya, Raya. The Power of Negativity: Selected Writings on the Dialectic in Hegel and Marx. Eds. Peter Hudis and Kevin B. Anderson. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2002.

Eco, Umberto. The Limits of Interpretation. Bloomington, IN: Indiana UP, 1994.

Gadamer, Hans-Georg. Truth and Method. New York: Continuum, 1989.

Gorceix, Bernard. Flambée et Agonie. Mystiques du XVIIe siècle allemand. Sisteron: Présence, 1977.

Gramsci, Antonio. Letters from Prison. New York: Columbia UP, 1993.

Hamacher, Werner, & Peter Fenves. Premises: Essays on Philosophy and Literature from Kant to Celan. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford UP, 1999.

Hart, Kevin. Trespass of the Sign: Deconstruction, Theology and Philosophy. Bronx, NY: Fordham UP, 2000.

Hartman, Geoffrey. Criticism in the Wilderness: The Study of Literature Today. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1980.

– – –. “Literary Criticism and its Discontents.” Critical Inquiry 3.2 (Winter 1976): 203–20.

– – –. Saving the Text: Literature/Derrida/Philosophy. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins UP, 1981.

Hegel, G.W. F. Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art. New York: Oxford UP, 1998.

– – –. Phenomenology of the Spirit. New York: Oxford UP, 1979.

Heidegger, Martin. Parmenides. Bloomington, IN: Indiana UP, 1998.

Hondt, Jacques d’. Hegel Secret: Recherches sur les sources cachées de la pensée de Hegel. Paris: PUF, 1986.

Ingarden, Roman. The Literary Work of Art: An Investigation of the Borderlines of Ontology, Logic, and Theory of Language. Evanston, IL: Northwestern UP, 1979.

Iser, Wolfgang. The Act of Reading. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins UP, 1980.

Jameson, Fredric. Marxism and Form. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1971.

– – –. The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1982.

Johnson, Pauline. “An Aesthetics of Negativity/An Aesthetics of Reception: Jauss’s Dispute with Adorno.” New German Critique 42 (Fall 1987): 51–70.

Kenney, John Peter. “The Critical Value of Negative Theology.” The Harvard Theological Review 86.4 (October 1993): 439–53.

Lossky, Vladimir. The Mystical Theology of the Western Church. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1997.

Marion, Jean-Luc. God without Being: Hors-Texte. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

McGinn, Bernard. The Presence of God. New York: Crossroad, 1991.

McKenzie, Ian. Paradigms of Reading: Relevance Theory and Deconstruction. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.

Mitchell, W. J. T. Against Theory: Literary Studies and the New Pragmatism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Journals, 1985.

Moore, Stephen D. “Negative Hermeneutics, Insubstantial Texts: Stanley Fish and the Biblical Interpreter.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 54.4 (1986): 401–13.

Nancy, Jean-Luc. Hegel: The Restlessness of the Negative. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002.

Nicolas, Jean-Hervé. Dieu Connu Comme Inconnu: Essai d’une Critique de la Connaissance Théologique. Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1966.

Nietzsche, Friedrich. Thus Spoke Zarathustra. New York: Cambridge UP, 2006.

Nyssa, Gregory of. Life of Moses. New York: Harper San Francisco, 2006.

Osterle, Heinz. “Rev. of Marxism and Form: Twentieth-Century Dialectical Theories of Literature, by Fredric Jameson.” The German Quarterly: 660–67.

Papanikolaou, Aristotle. Being with God. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2006.

Patočka, Jan. Body, Community, Language, World. Chicago: Open Court, 1996.

Pseudo Dionysius. The Complete Works. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 1987.

Ricoeur, Paul. Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation. New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 1970.

– – –. The Conflict of Interpretations: Essays in Hermeneutics. Evanston, IL: Northwestern UP, 1974.

Serra-Lopes, Francisco. “Literatura e literacias.” Vértice 129 (July–August 2006): 102–111.

– – –. Publicidade e Intimidade: uma hermenêutica da deriva para o texto publicitário. Dissertation. Lisbon: University of Lisbon, 2004.

Sperber, Daniel & Deirdre Wilson. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1995.

The Cloud of Unknowing. New York: Harper San Francisco, 2004.

Turner, Denys. The Darkness of God: Negativity in Christian Mysticism. New York: Cambridge UP, 1998.

Vattimo, Gianni. Beyond Interpretation: The Meaning of Hermeneutics for Philosophy. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.

Vega, Amador. “La noche del sentido: fundamentos para una hermenéutica de la negatividad en el siglo XX.” Arte y Santidad. Cuatro lecciones de estética apofática. Pamplona, Basque Country: Cátedra Jorge Oteiza, Nafarroako Unibersitate Publikoa, 2005.

Von Balthasar, Hans Urs. The Glory of the Lord: A Theological Aesthetics. Volume V: The Realm of Metaphysics in the Modern World. Ft. Collins, CO: Ignatius Press, 1990.

Weil, Simone. Gravity and Grace. New York: Routledge, 2002.

West, Cornel. “Fredric Jameson’s Marxist Hermeneutics.” Boundary 2. 11.1/2, Engagements: Postmodernism, Marxism, Politics (Autumn 1982): 177–200.

White, Hayden. The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation. Baltimore, MA: The Johns Hopkins UP, 1990.

Williams, J.P. Denying Divinity: Apophasis in the Patristic Christian and Soto Zen Buddhist Traditions. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2004.

Wolosky, Shira. Language Mysticism: The Negative Way of Language in Eliot, Beckett, and Celan. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford, 1995.

Objavljeno

2017-10-04

Številka

Rubrike

Razprave