TY - JOUR AU - Pflitsch, Andreas AU - Wiles, Mike AU - Horrocks, Rodney AU - Piasecki, Jacek AU - Ringeis, Julia PY - 2010/12/01 Y2 - 2024/03/28 TI - Dynamic climatologic processes of barometric cave systems using the example of Jewel Cave and Wind Cave in South Dakota, USA JF - Acta Carsologica JA - AC VL - 39 IS - 3 SE - Original papers DO - 10.3986/ac.v39i3.75 UR - https://ojs.zrc-sazu.si/carsologica/article/view/75 SP - AB - <p><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">Jewel and Wind Cave are two big barometric cave systems in SouthDakota, USA. The entrances of Jewel and Wind Cave are roug</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">ly 50 km apart, and until now it is unknown w</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">et</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">er their entrances belong to two separate caves or to one muchlarger cave system. One possibility for testing t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">ese two competing </span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">ypot</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">eses is to measure and analyse t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">e climatic conditions in t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">e vicinity of t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">ese entrances and wit</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">in t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">e caves in detail. In t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">is context, t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">e t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">ermal conditions and air currents are crucial. These in turn can be c</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">aracterised by t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">e spatial and temporal patterns of t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">e dynamics of air entering and leaving t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">roug</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">e respective entrances; even t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">oug</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">ese dynamics are coupled to atmosp</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">eric pressure fluctuations outside t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">e caves, t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">ey differ for different cave systems and provide a “fingerprint” t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">at </span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">as implications for t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">e size and structure of individual cave systems. To give an example, Jewel and Wind Cave as t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">e second and fourt</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">-largest cave systems on eart</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">s</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">ow some similarities, but many more noticeable differences regarding t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">eir climatological be</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">aviour, despite t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">eir close proximity to eac</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">ot</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">er. The last big measurement campaigns on t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">e climatic systems of t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">e two barometric caves were carried out by Herb and Jan Conn in t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">e 1960s, (Conn 1966). Despite t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">eir elementary work, t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">e tec</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">nical possibilities were very limited in t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">ose days. The self-constructed mechanical measurement equipment could only be used for basic measurements. Herb Conn was still able to identify t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">e basic mec</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">anism very clearly. He also carried out a number of different calculations on barometric air flow t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Minion Pro&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 7.5pt;">at remain important up to the present day. During the last 40 years, rapid electronic development has enabled us to use instruments that are far more precise and sensitive. The use of ultrasonic anemometers and dataloggers enables us to take more exact long term measurements. An extensive measurement programme was started in 2001 to fulfil several researchaims, and we are now in a position to decipher the different fingerprints of the caves muchmore reliably.</span></p> ER -